Since the emergence of exhibition practices in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, there has been a progressive normalization of the material conditions for observing paintings, such as their placement and the spectator’s distance to them. Just like painters and Salon visitors, art critics needed to move closer to their object of inquiry in order to gain better knowledge of it, but paradoxically, they could not claim objectivity without stepping back. The ideal distance that would allow viewers to simultaneously grasp the whole and the details was a contentious topic of discussion for nineteenth-century artists, critics, and scientists. Among the different ways in which this question was formulated in art criticism, one in particular reveals the presuppositions of the time about proximity: the constant reference to the smell of the painting. Associated with proximity, smell metaphorizes the pleasure or trouble spectators feel when they get close to paintings, to their pictorial materiality, or even to the figures depicted. Because smell always functions as a sign of the substance from which it emanates, art critics’ reference to it allowed them to consider the problem of proximity within the social and aesthetic issues of their time.
International audienceWhile many doctors in the 18th century still based their diagnoses on odours emanating from their patients, this reliance on odours gradually disappeared in the 19th century, thanks to the hygienist movement which lent credence to the absence of odours as assurance not only of social status but also the person’s moral character. By observing the development of standards that linked medical and social discourses, such as odour control and use of perfumes, this paper traces the evolution and interpretations of identity olfactory throughout the century.Si de nombreux médecins appuient encore au xviiie siècle leurs diagnostics sur les odeurs émanant de leurs patients, celles-ci disparaissent progressivement, chassées par le grand mouvement hygiéniste à l’oeuvre au xixe siècle, à l’issue duquel, désormais, c’est l’absence d’odeurs qui garantit non seulement le statut social du sujet, mais aussi sa bonne moralité. En observant l’instauration de normes qui jalonnent ce chemin entre le discours médical et le discours social, telles que celles de la désodorisation et des usages du parfum, il s’agit de faire apparaître l’évolution tout au long du siècle des conceptions et des interprétations de l’identité olfactive
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