The conclusion of the World Trade Organization's (WTO) ninth ministerial meeting-held in Bali 3-7 December 2013-is at one and the same time momentous, marginal, and business-as-usual. It is momentous because it marks the first multilateral agreement reached in the WTO since the organisation began operations on 1 January 1995; it is marginal because the deal reached will have only a limited impact on the global trading system; and it is business as usual because the Bali package will be of disproportionally greater value to the industrial states than to their developing and least developed counterparts. We examine what happened in Bali covering the principal issues at stake and the content of the outcome, what this means for the WTO and for the Doha Development Agenda (DDA), and why it all matters. We argue that while the Bali ministerial is significant and the agreements reached important, the conclusion of the meeting and the package agreed represents only a limited movement forward in addressing the fundamental problems and inequities of the WTO system.
Purpose
To provide an overview of the current feeding tubes in use in the pediatric population including feeding tube complications, and specific guidance for patients at the initiation, throughout the use of, and at the discontinuation of tube feeding.
Data sources
A review of the literature was performed using multiple databases including PubMed, CINAHL, Ovid Medline, and Cochrane Library. Key words used included pediatric gastrostomy (G) tubes, nasogastric (NG) tubes, gastrojejunostomy (GJ) tubes, enteral access, and nurse practitioner (NP).
Conclusions
Any child who cannot obtain nutrition orally is a candidate for enteral feeding tube access. Tube feeding is the recommended care guideline for children that are undernourished or unable to safely take‐in oral nutrition. Tube feeding has been known to improve health‐related quality of life. There are a number of different forms of feeding tubes that can be used in children, including NG, orogastric, G, and GJ tubes.
Implications for practice
Children are being sent home regularly with enteral feeding tube access and NPs will encounter these patients in everyday practice. It is important that NPs know the risks and benefits of tube feeding as well as the types of tubes currently in use and their indications, advantages, disadvantages, and complications.
This article offers a full-length evaluation of the World Trade Organization's (WTO) decisive December 2015 Nairobi ministerial conference. It examines the dynamics of the meeting, the emergence of a new negotiating mode, and the contestations between key developing and developed members; it explores the substance of the deal negotiated; and it reflects on the future capacity of the WTO to serve as a means of securing trade gains for developing and least developed countries. Three arguments are advanced. First, the use of a new mode of negotiating brought participation and consensus into the core of the Nairobi talks, but it also resulted in an agreement that moves away from the pursuit of universal agreements to one wherein more narrowly focused piecemeal deals can be brokered. Second, the package of trade measures agreed continues an established pattern of asymmetrical trade deals that favour developed members over their developing and least developed counterparts. Third, Nairobi alters fundamentally the likely shape of future WTO deals with significant consequences for developing country trade gains. The likely result is that while Nairobi will energise the multilateral system it will do so in a way that is of questionable value to developing and least developed countries.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.