<p><strong><em>Background: </em></strong><em>Oral habits include habit which are continuously done and has the potential to cause defects on teeth and perioral tissues.Lip sucking or biting habits are often found simultaneously or as a substitution of finger sucking. This habit may affect the labial and perioral structures. The habit may take </em><em>several</em><em> forms. Two extreme types are mild wetting</em><em> of</em><em> the lips with the tongue and pulling the lips into the mouth between the teeth. The lip bumper is a functional device that is used successfully to intercept developing dental and occlusal problems by allowing a proper development of the arch length and width for eruption of the permanent teeth.</em><strong><em>Purpos</em></strong><strong><em>e:</em></strong><em> This study aimed to re-validate the effectiveness of lip bumper application and habitual therapy in treating the bad habit of lip sucking. <strong>Case Report:</strong> The mother of a 9-year-old girl reported an upper front teeth protrusion and frequent occurrence of mouth ulcer. Further examination revealed that the patient had a habit of lip sucking. </em><strong><em>Case Management</em></strong><strong><em>:</em></strong><em> Removable Lip Bumper is used to control lip habits such as lip sucking and to improve mentalis muscle hyperactivity. Such habit was treated with the use of a removable lip bumper and habitual therapy conducted by both parents. Constants reminder and encouragement from the parent to wear the lip bumper is one of the key success factors in this treatment. <strong>Conclusion: </strong>Five months after the initial application of a lip bumper and habitual therapy, the patient overcame the habit of lip sucking.</em></p><p><strong><em>Keywords</em></strong><strong><em>:</em></strong><em> lip bumper, lip sucking, myofunctional therapy</em></p><p><strong><em>Correspondence</em></strong><strong><em>:</em></strong><em> YulieEmildaAkwan, </em><em>Department of Pediatric Dentistry</em><em>, Faculty of Dentistry, Hang TuahUniversity, Arif Rahman Hakim 150, Surabaya, Phone 031-5945864, Email: <span style="text-decoration: underline;">yulieemilda@yahoo.com.</span></em></p>

Background: Antibacterial is a substance produced by a microorganism, which has the ability to inhibit growth or kill other microorganisms. Antibacterial activity is measured in vitro to determine the potency of an antibacterial agent in a solution, its concentration in body fluids or tissues, and the susceptibility of certain microorganisms to certain concentrations of drugs. Purpose: The purpose of this research was to find the power of extract ethanol Nannocholoropsis oculata as an alternative antibacterial causes of the growth of the caries which is Streptococcus mutans. Material and methods: extract ethanol. Nannocholoropsis oculate divided into three parts of concentration 1,5%, 2% and 2,5%, Chlorhexidine 0,12% as a control, culture bacteri Streptococcus mutans with McFarland 0.5 standart. The metode used in this study was One way analysis of varians (ANOVA), but first it had to be a homogenius test and a normalitas test. Result: The result of this study showed that no barrier power at concentration 1,5%, 2% and 2,5%. Conclucion: The result showed no inhibition in the three observed groups of 1.5%, 2%, and 2.5% of extract ethanol Nannochloropsis oculate. This meant that this article cannot prove the inhibition characteristic of Nannochloropsis oculate. This may be because the concentration of the extract Nannochloropsis oculata used in this study was too small. Henceforth, it is necessary to conduct research with a higher concentration of extract. On the other hand, the positive control group, using 0.12% Chlorhexidine solution, showed an inhibition characteristic while the negative control group, using 1 % of DMSO showed no inhibition.

<p><em><strong>Background:</strong> Tooth transposition is a rare and severe positional anomaly that may create many orthodontic problems from both esthetic and functional points of view. In this</em><em> case</em><em> report, the orthodontic management </em><em>of distoversion upper central incisor and</em><em> transposition of the upper right canine and lateral incisor. The patient was treated with a fixed appliance for 4 months. At this moment the central incisor</em><em> has</em><em> already corrected, </em><em>lateral incisor has also erupted and aligned. Patient management should be continued with phase two treatment to correct the transposition of canine</em><em>.</em></p><p><em><strong>Keywords</strong>: </em><em>Distoversion</em><em>, tooth transposition, orthodontic management.</em></p><p><em><strong>Correspondence :</strong> Departement of Pediatric Dentistry, College of Dentistry, University of Airlangga, Surabaya, East Java, Indonesia.</em></p><p><strong> </strong></p>

<p><strong>Latar Belakang</strong>: Pencegahan karies dan penyakit periodontal dengan melakukan peningkatan kesehatan gigi telah menjadi tujuan utama dalam dunia kedokteran gigi. Topikal aplikasi <em>fluoride</em> adalah salah satu cara yang paling efektif untuk mencegah karies, dimana senyawa <em>f</em><em>luoride </em>bekerja menghambat penyerapan protein saliva pada permukaan email sehingga menghambat pembentukan pelikel dan plak, dan meningkatkan resistensi dari remineralisasi enamel terhadap asam dan penurunan pH. Bahan topikal aplikasi <em>fluoride</em> yang sering digunakan adalah <em>Sodium fluoride </em>0,1%. Teh hijau (<em>Camellia sinensis</em>) dapat menjadi alternatif herbal sebagai bahan topikal aplikasi <em>fluoride</em> karena mempunyai mengurangi pertumbuhan plak dan anti bakteri<em>. </em><strong>Tujuan</strong>: Untuk mengetahui efektivitas topikal aplikasi <em>fluoride</em> menggunakan ekstrak teh hijau dibandingkan dengan sodium <em>fluoride</em> pada gigi sapi. <strong>Metode</strong>: Jenis penelitian ini adalah penelitian analitik eksperimental laboratoris dengan rancangan penelitian<em> post test</em><em> only </em><em>group design</em>. Subyek dalam penelitian ini adalah gigi sapi (<em>Bovine</em>) yang diulas dengan topikal aplikasi <em>fluoride</em>, kelompok kontrol tanpa pemberian topikal aplikasi <em>fluoride</em>, kelompok perlakuan dengan <em>Sodium fluoride</em> 0,1%, dan kelompok perlakuan dengan ekstrak teh hijau (<em>Camellia sinensis</em>) 0,1%. Pengamatan kadar <em>fluoride </em>dilakukan dengan alat <em>Energy Dispersive X-ray</em> <em>Spectrophotomrtry </em>(EDS). Data diolah dengan uji <em>Levene statistics</em> dan <em>one way anova</em> <strong>Hasil</strong>: Tidak terdapat perbedaan jumlah <em>fluoride</em> yang signifikan antara semua kelompok (P&gt;0,05). <strong>Kesimpulan</strong>: Tidak terdapat perbedaan yang signifikan dari efektivitas topikal aplikasi <em>fluoride</em> menggunakan ekstrak teh hijau (<em>Camellia sinensis</em>) konsentrasi 0,1% dibandingkan dengan <em>Sodium fluoride</em> 0,1% pada gigi sapi (<em>Bovine</em>).</p><p> </p>

Sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) is currently the golden standard for root canal irrigation. NaOCl at a concentration of 5.25% to 6% can eliminate E. faecalis, but this concentration can increase the risk of toxic effects. Cyanobacteria spirulina is known to produce several secondary metabolites that have antimicrobial activity against gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. The aim of this study was to determine the antibiofilm power of Cyanobacteria spirulina against the biofilms of Enterococcus faecalis at concentrations of 60 mg/ml, 70 mg/ml, 80 mg/ml, and 90 mg/ml. This research was a true experiment with a post-test only group design. The object of the research was divided into 6 groups. Group 1 was a negative control group, group 2 was a positive control group with 5% NaOCl, group 3, 4, 5, 6 were treatment groups given Cyanobacteria spirulina solution at a concentration of 60 mg/ml, 70 mg/ml, 80 mg/ml, and 90 mg/ml, respectively. Optical density (OD) of bacteria was bound by staining and analyzed by ELISA auto reader with a wave length of 595 nm (OD 595 nm). The results of the LSD test showed that the significance between K+ and P1, P2, P3 (p< 0.005), K+ and P4 (p= 0.129), P1 and P2 (p=0.449), P3 and P4 (p=0.178). Significance of p<0.0005 showed a significant difference between the groups. The data were analyzed using the one-way ANOVA test followed by a double comparison test with the Least Significance Different (LSD) Post Hoc test method. Cyanobacteria spirulina solution at a concentration of 90 mg/ml had the greatest inhibitory effect on the biofilm formation of Enterococcus faecalis.