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y Tkis study was undertaken mainly to examine the attitudes keroin addicts hold towards themselves in their addiction ; and to compare the addicts' responses with those qf the professional and paraprofessional staff'who work witk them. We consider that the attitudes of the staff play a significant role in treatment, and thai treatment becomes more effective when patients and staff agree closely about the cause and nature of the illness. Conversely, a marked divergence in views could seriously impede treatment.The second aim of this study was to compare the way addicts viewed themselves and their illness and the way they viewed alcoholics and alcoholism. We feel that there are many similarities between these major addictive states even though in most centers they are treated separately. MethodThe population interviewed for the study consisted of a group of 120 heroin addicts treated at the Boston City Hospital Methadone Clinic. At the time of the study (June 1971) the average length of time each patient had been in treatment was 5 months. Patients were approached randomly and asked to participate in the study. The first sixty who agreed were given a questionnaire dealing with drugs and addiction. The second group of sixty patients (15 of whom were also in the first group) were asked similar questions concerning alcohol and alcoholism. Over 80 per cent of those asked agreed to participate. Thirty-seven members of the staff (all of whom had worked with addicts for at least six months) were given identical questions on the subject of drug addiction.The instrument used to measure attitudes was a questionnaire consisting of forty statements to each of which the subject responded by marking one of seven numbered boxes according to his opinion of the correctness of the statement. (These varied from 1 signifying complete disagreement to 7 signifying complete agreement.) The instrument was developed by Marcus^ as the outcome of a factor analytic study. It has been used by several authors to measure the attitudes of professionals working with alcoholics2>3, ji^e original wording of the statements was retained for the study of attitudes towards alcoholics, but w^ altered for the part of the study dealing with drug addicts. In most cases, a simple substitution ofthe words "drugs" for "alcohol"; "addict" for "alcoholic" and "addiction" for "alcoholism" was all that was required. Only a few statements required more extensive alteration. This was done without altering the similarity of meaning between the statements.The statements were read to the respondents and explanations were offered to any respondent who asked for clarification. The questionnaire required about 20 minutes to complete. Each question was grouped into one of nine factors, the definitions of which are given in Table 1. 195

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As a reflection of the belief that only professionals are involved in the treatment of the addictions, especially drug abuse, the attitudes toward drug abuse and the drug abuser of other than those involved in treatment have hardly, we have found, been assessed. Students, in particular, would seem to be a reasonable target population for such an investigation. One study found students to be as ambivalent as the general population regarding alcoholism. Others have found different responding groups as ambivalent toward drug abuse as toward alcoholism. Utilizing the alcoholism questionnaire, we found college students to view alcoholism and drug abuse in an equally conflicting fashion. Other findings also seem to lead to the suggestion that educational programs dealing with these pathologies would probably be more effective if combined rather than separate.There are many parallels between the areas of alcoholism and drug abuse. One of these is in regard to attitudes toward the particular area. More and more investigations of attitudes regarding alcohol-175 0 1973. Bavwood Publishing Co.