No abstract

El Nostoc es una colonia de cianobacterias que puede estar en estado latente hasta que las primeras lluvias la hidratan, formando esferas de 10 a 25 mm de diámetro, semejante a uvas. Se encuentra en la precordillera andina, sobre 3000 m. Tiene un color verde-azulado y desde centurias forma parte de la alimentación de algunos pueblos altiplánicos. Tiene la capacidad de fijar el nitrógeno del aire y otros elementos.

Introduction. The MANGUA cohort is an ongoing multicenter, observational study of people living with HIV/AIDS in Guatemala. The cohort is based on the MANGUA application which is an electronic database to capture essential data from the medical records of HIV patients in care. Methods. The cohort enrolls HIV-positive adults ≥16 years of age. A predefined set of sociodemographic, behavioral, clinical, and laboratory data are registered at entry to the cohort study. Results. As of October 1st, 2012, 21 697 patients had been included in the MANGUA cohort (median age: 33 years, 40.3% female). At enrollment 74.1% had signs of advanced HIV infection and only 56.3% had baseline CD4 cell counts. In the first 12 months after starting antiretroviral treatment 26.9% (n = 3938) of the patients were lost to the program. Conclusions. The implementation of a cohort of HIV-positive patients in care in Guatemala is feasible and has provided national HIV indicators to monitor and evaluate the HIV epidemic. The identified percentages of late presenters and high rates of LTFU will help the Ministry to target their current efforts in improving access to diagnosis and care.

Preschool classrooms are rich with emotions, from a teacher's enthusiastic praise for a child's work to a child's anger at another child who is using wanted materials. A wide variety of teaching behaviors may help children learn about their own and others' emotional states as well as regulation strategies to manage their emotions. In the present study, we relate teachers' emotion-focused teaching behaviors (including how teachers model emotions, instruct about emotions, and respond to children's emotions) using a new observational tool, the EMOtion TEaching Rating Scale (EMOTERS). In addition, social and learning behaviors with teachers, peers, and tasks were observed for 77 children in 18 classrooms. We used the EMOTERS to predict children's social and learning behaviors within time (fall, spring) and over time (from fall to spring). Results affirm that emotion-focused teaching practices (modeling, responding, instructing) vary across classrooms. We also found instances of these practices being related-within time and over time-to children's social interactions with teachers and peers, and engagement in tasks. Most significant associations were found with emotion instructing, despite its relatively infrequent use in classrooms. Findings offer valuable initial evidence about EMOTERS as a tool for measuring emotion-focused teaching behaviors and potentially as a tool for supporting professional development.

Actualmente hay variados caminos para obtener biogás rural: desde el empleo de desechos orgánicos y pequeñas plantas para uso de familias campesinas hasta medianos y grandes sistemas. Estos últimos se utilizan para generar energía eléctrica a partir de criaderos de animales o volúmenes mayores de desechos agrícolas. En este trabajo se describen los actuales métodos más simples en uso, sus aplicaciones y restricciones. Se buscó la información en fuentes europeas, americanas, incluyendo a EE.UU. La difusión de estas técnicas permitiría renovar parcialmente las fuentes energéticas convencionales. Estas provienen de hidrocarburos, que son caros, contaminantes y que producen un efecto invernadero en la atmósfera. De producciones medianas y grandes, al contabilizar el gas consumido pueden obtenerse "Bonos de carbono". Como resultados se entregan costos aproximados de inversión, en función de la generación de gas producida.