The results indicated that when visuo-tactile stimuli synchronously presented, the gain in multisensory integration decreased in seniors group. In contrast, in the case of visuo-proprioceptive synchronous presentation, the efficiency of multisensory integration remained unchanged across the lifespan.
Schizotypal personality traits correlate with psychopathology and impaired functional outcome. Yet advantageous aspects of positive schizotypy may exist which could promote resilience and creativity, and several studies have identified a high positive but low negative schizotypy group with some signs of adaptation. The aim of our study was to clarify whether such individuals demonstrate only traits associated with well-being, or they also have traits that predict impairment. Participants (N = 643 students, 71.5% female) completed measures of schizotypy, resilience, self-esteem, self-concept clarity, and absorption. We identified four clusters: an overall low schizotypy, an overall high schizotypy, a disorganised-interpersonal schizotypy and a positive schizotypy cluster. The overall high schizotypy cluster seemed to be the most vulnerable as it was the least resilient and showed widespread maladaptation, whereas the high positive schizotypy cluster had intact self-esteem and high resilience and its elevated absorption may hold the promise for adaptive outcomes such as creativity and positive spirituality. However, the high positive schizotypy cluster lacked self-concept clarity. The results suggest that individuals showing high positive and low negative schizotypy demonstrate features promoting mental well-being to an extent that is higher than in all the other clusters, while their self-concept impairment is similar to that observed in the high and the disorganised-interpersonal schizotypy clusters. Better understanding of these factors could be informative for prevention and treatment of psychosis-spectrum disorders.
Háttér: A pszichózisra való sérülékenység feltárása és a korai intervenció a klinikai gyakorlat és a kutatások fontos részét képezik. A Mágikus Fogalomképzés Skála az egyik leggyakrabban alkalmazott önjellemző kérdőív, amelyet a pszichózisra való hajlam feltárására dolgoztak ki. Meglepő azonban, hogy a Mágikus Fogalomképzés Skála pszicho metriai jellemzőit klinikai mintán szinte alig vizsgálták. Célkitűzés: A tanulmány fő célja a Mágikus Fogalomképzés Skála faktorszerkezetének feltárása nagy elemszámú egyetemi hallgatói mintán (n = 1730) és pszichiátriai betegek (n = 319) körében. Módszerek: A kérdőív faktorszerkezetét megerősítő (egydimenziós, többdimenziós szerkezet, bifaktoros elrendezés) és feltáró faktorelemzések, valamint parallelelemzések segítségével vizsgáltuk. A skálák megbízhatóságát a hagyományos módszerek mellett (pl. Cronbachα) modellalapú megbízhatósági becslésekkel (hierarchikus ómega) is jellemeztük. A faktorszerkezet elemzését követően a valószínűségi tesztelméleti alapokon nyugvó Tételválasz elmélet (Item Response Theory, IRT) segítségével az itemparaméterek becslését (nehézség és diszkrimináció) és az eltérő tételműködést is megvizsgáltuk, majd egy rövid, 15 tételes változatot alakítottunk ki, amelynek a kritériumvaliditását más mérőeszközök felhaszná- lásával teszteltük (pl. Szkizotípia Személyiség Kérdőív rövid változat; Davisféle Empátia Kérdőív). Eredmények: A parallelelemzés a hallgatói mintán 3 faktort, míg a klinikai mintán 2 dimenziót valószínűsített. Mindkét minta esetében a negatív tételek önálló dimen ziót alkottak, amit járulékos faktornak tekintetve a későbbiekben nem elemeztünk. A megerősítő faktorelemzés a normatív hallgatói mintán a bifaktoros struktúrát támasztotta alá, ahol az általános faktor mellett két speciális dimenzió jelent meg: paranormális hiedelmek és mágikus okság/spiritualitás (RMSEA = 0,052; CFI = 0,993; TLI = 0,990). A klinikai mintán az egydimenziós szerkezet adta a legjobb illeszkedési mutatókat (RMSEA = 0,032; CFI = 0,970; TLI = 0,965). A 15 tételre rövidített skála jó pszichometriai jellemzőkkel rendelkezett, bár az IRT elemzés rávilágított arra, hogy néhány tétel eltérő jelentést hordoz a nemek (nők vs. férfiak) vagy a vizsgálati minta típusa (normatív vs. klinikai) szerinti összevetéskor. Következtetések: Eredményeink megerősítik, hogy a mágikus fogalomalkotás a klinikai mintán egydimenziós modellel ragadható meg leginkább, ezzel szemben a normatív hallgatói mintán már inkább egy bifaktoros struktúra valószínűsíthető, amelynek két speciális dimenziója az adaptív (mágikus okság/spiritulaitás) és maladaptív (paranormális hiedelmek) sajátosságok mentén különül el.Background: Study of vulnerability to psychosis and early intervention is an area of great clinical impact and research. The Magical Ideation Scale (MIS) is among the most widely used instruments for the assessment of psychosis proneness. However, there has been little research on the psychometric properties of the MIS in clinical sample. Aims: The main goal of the present work was to study the dimensional structure underlying the MIS in a large sample of students (n = 1.730) and clinical subjects (n = 319). Methods: The structures of the MIS were examined by confirmatory (e.g., single-factor model, model with second-order factor, bifactor model) and exploratory factor analysis and parallel-analysis. The internal consistencies were calculated not only in the conventional way (e.g. Cronbach’s α) but also in the controlling of the general factor (hierarchical omega, explained common variance). After initial testing, we used Item Response Theory (IRT) to shorten and further refine the instrument, and criterion validity was evaluated by other questionnaires (e.g. Schizotypy Personality Questionnaire – Brief Revised; Interpersonal Reactivity Index). Results: To determine the number of factors that can be applied, parallel-analysis provided a good estimation of the three dimensional structure of MIS in student sample and two dimensions in clinical subjects. However, the reversed worded items caused a method factor that does not appear to be substantively meaningful. Confirmatory factor analysis identified a bifactor solution (general scale and two specific scales: paranormal beliefs and magical reasoning/spirituality) for the MIS in student sample (RMSEA = 0.052, CFI = 0.993, TLI = 0.990), and a unidimensional factor structure in clinical sample (RMSEA = 0.032, CFI = 0.970, TLI = 0.965). The shortened 15-item version of the MIS has good psychometric properties, but few of the items displayed DIF across gender or type of sample (normative or clinical). Conclusions: Our results confirm that magical ideation can be considered as a single latent psychological variable on clinical sample, and a bifactorial structure in normative sample where the adaptive (magical reasoning/spirituality) and maladaptive (paranormal beliefs) functions separated.
This study explores the personal predispositions and dependencies while individuals use digital media and communication devices and analyses the statistical features of the Immersive Tendencies Questionnaire (ITQ) that is popular in assessing the personality trait-dependent reaction to mediated environments. The study evaluated 781 healthy graduates and postgraduates, of which 192 were men (average age: 28.6 years) and 589 were women (average age: 28.4 years). We applied several questionnaires to measure immersive tendencies in a mediated environment, adaptive and maladaptive personality predispositions, and problematic Internet use and Facebook addiction scales. We analyze the statistical features of the long and short forms of the Immersive Tendencies Questionnaire. The data obtained support the reliable usage of the short form of the instrument. The factor structure of the questionnaire presents dual facets. First, it indicates an absorptive and immersive tendency in any case of maladaptive tendencies. Second, it reflects an intensive capability to focus on the mediated environment with adequate cognitive control to avoid any contingency of being addicted. The short form of the ITQ is reliable and adequate to assess the relationship between the self-referred and environment-dependent psychological functions.
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