In this study we found the recovery time to be shorter, with hemodynamic stability, in the dexmedetomidine group, compared with the midazolam group. So we can conclude that dexmedetomidine may be a good and safe alternative agent for sedation, with a shorter recovery period than midazolam, in the pediatric population.

The QLB III was observed to be effective in pain control and reducing morphine consumption during the postoperative 48 hours follow-up after PCNL.

Background:Shivering, the rate of which in regional anesthesia is 39% is an undesired complication seen postoperatively.Aims:This study aims to compare the ability of preventing the shivering of preemptive tramadol and dexmedetomidine during the spinal anesthesia (SA).Methods:A total of 90 patients with American Society of Anesthesiologists physical status I-II, aged 18-60 years and undergoing elective arthroscopic surgery with SA were divided into three groups randomly. After spinal block, 100 mg tramadol in 100 ml saline was applied in group T- (n = 30) and 0.5 μg/kg dexmedetomidine in 100 ml saline was applied in group D- (n = 30) and 100 ml saline was administered in group P- (n = 30) in 10 min. The hemodynamics, oxygen saturation, tympanic temperature, shivering and sedation scores were evaluated and recorded intraoperatively and 45 min after a postoperative period.Results:In group T and D, shivering scores were significantly lower when compared with group P in the intraoperative 20th min (P = 0.01). Sedation scores in group D were significantly higher than the baseline values (P = 0.03) and values in group T and P (P = 0.04).Conclusions:Preemptive tramadol and dexmedetomidine are effective in preventing the shivering under SA. In addition, dexmedetomidine was superior in increasing the level of sedation which is sufficient to prevent the anxiety without any adverse effects.

Hyperalgesia is normally an increase in the response to a painful stimulant. Opioid-induced hyperalgesia (OIH) is a situation frequently encountered in algology clinics. Its treatment is complicated and problematic and often requires alternative methods. A 40-year-old male patient 45 kg weighing had been diagnosed with stage IV colon cancer 2.5 years ago. He had used non-steroid antiinflammatory drugs, opioid analgesics and steroid preparations casually for his increased pain without any monitoring for one year. He was admitted five times for pain control. In the last visit, he complained of severe abdominal, pubic and rectal pain (visual analogue scale [VAS] 8), which was unresponsive to epidural analgesic, and later presented to the algology clinic; he was sleep-deprived, restless and in a panic state. Intrathecal morphine (1 mg) was applied considering his opioid tolerance. Because of increased pain (VAS 8-9) one hour after surgery for abscess in the liver and peritonea, the patient was given intravenous dexketoprofen trometamol and diazem considering his OIH. Then, bolus dexmedetomidine (1 µg/kg) followed by dexmedetomidine infusion (0.2 µg/kg/h) was started. Three days later, diagnostic intrathecal clonidine (30 µg) was applied, and the patient's complaints regressed. With the patient reporting relaxed pain (VAS 1-2) after 30 minutes, an intrathecal port was placed. Both cancer pain and OIH were controlled with clonidine 90 µg/day. He was more relaxed, and his pain was tolerable until his death. Intrathecal clonidine administration may be an effective method for the treatment of OIH.

Summary Objectives: Preemptive analgesia is an important factor in controlling the