ABSTRAKNitrogen (N) merupakan unsur hara utama pada tanaman padi, tetapi ketersediaannya terbatas pada hampir semua jenis tanah. Pemberian pupuk N secara berlebihan menyebabkan tanaman berwarna hijau gelap, mudah rebah, serta rentan terhadap hama dan penyakit. Di pihak lain, kekurangan N menyebabkan tanaman tumbuh kerdil, sistem perakaran tidak berkembang, daun menjadi kuning, dan gabah cenderung cepat rontok. Makalah ini mengulas perkembangan penggunaan bagan warna daun (BWD) pada tanaman padi sawah, mencakup cara dan manfaat penggunaannya dalam meningkatkan hasil gabah, menekan serangan hama dan penyakit tanaman, serta memperbaiki kondisi lingkungan. Pemberian pupuk N sesuai kebutuhan merupakan kunci dalam memperbaiki pertumbuhan tanaman untuk memperoleh hasil yang optimal. Waktu penggunaan BWD dapat dengan dua cara, yaitu: 1) berdasarkan kebutuhan tanaman, yaitu dengan membandingkan warna daun padi dengan skala warna pada BWD dan 2) berdasarkan waktu yang telah ditetapkan, yaitu pada saat pembentukan anakan aktif (2128 HST) dan primordia (3540 HST). Pemberian N yang berlebihan pada stadia awal pertumbuhan tanaman meningkatkan kerentanan terhadap hama wereng coklat dan penggerek batang serta penyakit blas, sehingga rekomendasi pupuk spesifik lokasi menjadi sangat penting. Gerakan penggunaan BWD secara masif ke depan dapat didukung melalui penggunaan kamera digital atau telepon seluler beresolusi tinggi.
Cereals–soybean intercropping is not well studied, despite the importance of these crops in increasing agricultural profitability and ensuring nutritional and food security in Southeast Asia. We compared different intercropping practices (IPs) with monocropping practices (MPs) for their yield and economic performance by small-scale farms without mechanization. The treatments were IPs of rice–maize, rice–soybean, or maize–soybean compared with MPs of rice, maize, or soybean as sole crops, across three provinces in the rainfed areas of western Indonesia with a wet climate. Our results show that the yield advantages using the land equivalent ratio of the IPs were 44% for rice–maize, 54% for rice–soybean, and 63% for maize–soybean compared to MPs. Rice equivalent yield, maize equivalent yield, and the gross margin under IPs were significantly higher per cycle than under MPs; IPs provided a substantially lower cost of production and of paid workers. Compared to just rice, there were additional net return gains of USD 160 and USD 203 ha−1 per cycle under rice–maize and rice–soybean intercropping. Maize–soybean intercropping resulted in an additional net return gain of USD 153 ha−1 compared to just maize. These results suggest there is considerable potential for small farmers to increase their yields and profits by intercropping in rainfed areas with a wet climate.
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