A marked and parallel increase was seen in both ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease in both genders during the last 25 years, with a corresponding high prevalence of both diseases.

These data indicate that pre-gestational maternal diabetes is associated with strong teratogenic effects on the kidney, urinary tract, and heart, and strongly associated with multiple congenital abnormalities. We found no material association between diabetes and spinal congenital abnormalities and limb deficiencies.

No abstract