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Many countries have limited low‐cost biomass resources to satisfy their own demand for bioenergy; consequently, international trade in biomass in various liquid and solid forms is increasing. The aim of this study is to present a quantitative overview of the development of international biomass trade for energy purposes. This paper focuses on the main biomass producing and consuming countries, as well as exporters and importers of liquid and solid biofuels, such as wood pellets, biodiesel, and bio‐ethanol, and biomass products, for example industrial roundwood. The study discusses changes in trends that have occurred over the past decade, and investigates emerging energy biomass trade streams. Due to increased demand for wood pellets from the heating and industrial sectors, global wood pellet markets and international trade have increased significantly in the past decade. The United States and Brazil remain leaders in bio‐ethanol production with about 45 Mt and 24 Mt respectively. In recent years, Asian markets such as China (industrial roundwood), South Korea (wood pellets), Malaysia, and Indonesia (palm oil) have developed considerably. In the EU‐28, more than 60% of total palm oil consumption is used for energy purposes. The EU is the global leader in biomass for energy utilization and also the main importer of most biomass products, particularly wood pellets. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd

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In this work, the production viability, physical, chemical and mechanical 10 properties of briquettes produced from mixtures of coffee shrub residues and pinewood, were 11 evaluated. The densification was carried out under constant operating conditions (temperature of 12 120 °C, pressure of 8.27 MPa) in a piston-press type laboratory-scale briquetting machine. 13Coffee shrub residues were mixed with pinewood in ratios of 25%, 50% and 75%. In addition, 14 reference briquettes of pure pinewood and of each type of coffee shrub residue were produced. 15To characterize the raw material, ash content, volatile matter, fixed carbon together with the 16 calorific value of produced samples, were measured. To characterize the suitability of the 17 briquettes produced: apparent density, energy density, tensile strength, and equilibrium moisture 18 content were determined. The highest values of energy density (19133 -19899 MJ•m -3 ), tensile 19 strength (415 -569 kgf), apparent density (1107-1163 kg•m -3 ) and favorable values of 20 equilibrium moisture content (9 -11 wt %) were obtained from a mixing ratio of 75% of 21 pinewood. The novel contribution of this research was to develop briquettes with appropriate 22 physical and mechanical parameters from new raw materials that could serve as sustainable fuel 23 sources for local firing systems. 24

Torrefied biomass has considerable potential as a biomass fuel to replace coal in energy and process heat production. The aim of this paper is to evaluate the potential of torrefied biomass in different industries, both power and non-power generation industries, and considers the impact of such use on the international biomass market. The power generation sector has been so far the leader in testing torrefied biomass use with other industrial demand lagging behind. There are promising technical possibilities for greater torrefied biomass use in a number of other areas such as the steel, non-metallic minerals, as well as the pulp and paper industries. Although a large increase in torrefied biomass consumption by industry is not immediately foreseeable, industrial use by actors outside the energy generation sector could increase demand for torrefied biomass in general and, as a result, stimulate development of global torrefied biomass markets. Results show that the torrefied biomass demand significantly depends on the bioenergy markets. It seems that despite of the challenges, the growth of torrefied biomass demand will have a large progress in coming years.