PurposeCyclohexanone‐formaldehyde resins (CF‐Rs) were in situ modified with aniline, 4‐aminodiphenylamine, and N‐N′‐diphenyl‐1,4‐phenylene diamine in presence of sodium hydroxide. The purpose of this paper is to report the synthesis of conducting resins with aniline, dimer and trimer aniline, with a one‐step method of in situ modification of ketonic resin. The roles of ketone, aniline concentration, the conductivity of the product are investigated.Design/methodology/approachKetone, formalin (37 per cent aqueous solution), aniline or oligoaniline were mixed and 20 per cent aqueous NaOH solution was added to produce the resin.FindingsThe aniline‐modified (CF‐Rs) were found to have conductivity values of 10−3‐10−5 S/cm and may be considered as conductive ketonic resin.Research limitations/implicationsThe reaction mixture must be stirred continuously. Amount of aniline and oligoaniline is limited. Subsequently, 37 per cent formalin was added dropwise in total while refluxing. The amount of aniline is limited since the formed resin may become insoluble in common organic solvents.Practical implicationsThis work provides the application of conducting resins. The modified resins containing aniline groups may also promote the adhesive strength of a coating and corrosion inhibition to metal surfaces.Originality/valueAniline formaldehyde, N‐N′‐diphenyl‐1,4‐phenylenediamine‐formaldehyde, aniline‐ and oligoaniline‐modified (CF‐Rs) have been synthesised in the presence of a base catalyst. These resins are conductive resins and the ketonic resins formed have physical properties of both aniline‐formaldehyde resins such as conductivity.

Purpose -The purpose of the research was as follows. In situ modified urea formaldehyde resins were prepared from clay (montmorillonite) and organoclay in the presence of base catalyst. Different clay contents (1 wt%, 3 wt%, 6 wt%) were used to produce clay modified nanocomposite resins. These nanocomposites were characterized with FT-IR, XRD as structural analysis and DSC as thermal analysis and their hardness was evaluated as mechanical analysis. The thermal results was compatible with hardness measurements and showed that using clay/organoclay added resin as a surface coating material provides significant improvement. Design/methodology/approach -During synthesis of the resin, modification was carried out using urea/formaldehyde with molar ratio of 1/1.6, under basic medium with pH ¼ 10 and with temperature of 708C by loading pristine and organomodified layered silicates. Findings -X-ray diffraction (XRD) results indicate that the interlayer space of pristine clay was increased significantly by one step, seeing that one step processes are crucial for industrial applications.Research limitations/implications -The reaction mixture must be stirred continuously. Temperature should be controlled in order to prevent the thermal curing of urea formaldehyde resin.Practical implications -This study provides technical information for the synthesis of nanocomposite resins. The clay or organoclay modified resins may also promote the adhesive strength of coating and also inhibit corrosion effects to metal surfaces of the coated area. Social implications -This resin will be used for the coating material. Originality/value -As T g -T m region of some nanocomposites is enhanced, and by assessing the results of hardness measurements, it is concluded that these samples have further improved mechanical properties as a coating material than urea formaldehyde resin has.

Purpose -The purpose of this paper was as follows. The in situ chemical oxidation (ICO) of vinyl aniline modified cyclohexanone formaldehyde resin (CFVAnR) in the presence of potassium persulphate salt (K 2 S 2 O 8 ) was accomplished in dimethyl sulphoxide (DMSO) solutions at 358C and 708C. The chemical composition and structure of the oxidized CFVAnR were characterised by nuclear magnetic resonance ( 1 H-NMR) spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, DSC, TGA and SEM. Design/methodology/approach -The reactive vinyl and amine groups of the cyclohexanone formaldehyde resin were reacted in the presence of potassium persulphate. CFVAn resin was dissolved in DMSO inside a round bottom flask immersed in a water bath thermostated at reaction temperature of 358C and 708C, respectively. Solution of K 2 S 2 O 8 was prepared in DMSO and this was added into the resin solution.Findings -It was shown that the vinyl groups in the resin were reacted easily with persulphate salt to obtain chain extended CFVAnR (CECFVAnR). The oxidised 4-vinyl aniline modified cyclohexanone-formaldehyde resin has solublity in organic solvents.Research limitations/implications -The reaction mixture must be stirred continuously. Temperature should be controlled to prevent the thermal polymerisation of vinyl group and higher branching of amino groups. The persulphate ion (S 2 O 22 8 ) has a standard oxidation potential, but when activated by heat (40-608C). Furthermore, sulphate radical can react with water or hydroxide to produce hydroxyl radical (ZOH). When persulphate is used for in situ chemical oxidation (ISCO) application at relatively low temperatures (e.g. , 208C), the oxidation reactions are usually less aggressive due to a slow generation rate of SO 2 4 . Practical implications -This study provides technical information for the synthesis of chain extended resins. The modified resins contain vinyl groups. The chemical radical system has been used to polymerise these vinyl groups and resins with much higher molecular weight might be produced. The resins may also promote the adhesive strength of a coating and corrosion inhibition to metal surfaces of a coating. Social implications -This resin will be used for the preparation of AB-and ABA-type block copolymers. These block copolymers may exhibit different properties due to incorporation of ketonic resins into the block copolymer structure. Originality/value -Chain extended CFVAnR (CECFVAnR) was synthesised by one step reduction-oxidation reaction, at 358C (CECFVAnR1) and 708C (CECFVAnR2) in the presence of potassium persulphate salt. These soluble resins may overcome difficulties in the applications of polymers and open new application areas. Therefore, the chain extended vinyl aniline modified resin may find a number of new application areas as well as existing UV curable resin and polymer applications.

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to investigate in situ modification of cyclohexanone‐formaldehyde resins (CFR) by 4‐vinyl aniline (Van). The roles of the reaction temperature, the conductivity, thermal properties, and molecular weight of the product were investigated. CFR was in situ modified with VAn in the presence of sodium hydroxide. Ketonic resin‐bound 4‐vinyl aniline was synthesised with a one‐step method of in situ modification of ketonic resin. The roles of the reaction temperature and the conductivity of the product were investigated.Design/methodology/approachKetone, formalin (37% aqueous solution), vinyl aniline were mixed and then 20% aqueous NaOH solution was added to produce the resin. The solubility, molecular weight and thermal properties of the products were investigated.FindingsThe 4‐vinyl aniline modified cyclohexanone‐formaldehyde resins were found to have conductivity values of 10−4 and 10−2 S/cm and may be considered as conductive ketonic resin. Soluble and processable conductive ketonic resins were developed.Research limitations/implicationsThe reaction mixture of CFR must be stirred continuously at low temperature. Subsequently, 37% formalin was added dropwise in equal portions while refluxing. Temperature should be controlled to prevent the thermal polymerisation of vinyl group and higher branching of amino groups. The amount of vinyl aniline used in reaction mixture is limited since the formed resin may become insoluble in common organic solvents.Practical implicationsThis study provides technical information for the synthesis of conducting resins. The modified resins contain vinyl groups. The chemical redox or radical system can be used to polymerise these vinyl groups and resins with much higher molecular weight may be produced. The resins may also promote the adhesive strength of a coating and corrosion inhibition to metal surfaces of a coating.Originality/valueVinyl aniline modified cyclohexanone formaldehyde resins have been synthesised in the presence of a basice catalyst. These soluble and conductive resins may overcome difficulties in the applications of conducting polymers and open new application areas. Therefore, the vinyl aniline modified resin may find a number of new application areas, as well as existing conducting resin and polymer applications.

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to synthesise an electro-active monomer containing ketonic resins and then to investigate the redox reaction between Fe+3 and bound thiophene in comonomer. First, thiophene-functionalised ketonic resins were synthesised by esterification reaction of thiophene-2-carbonyl chloride (ThCCl) and hydroxyl groups of cyclohexanone formaldehyde resin (CFR). Thiophene-containing cyclohexanone formaldehyde resin (Th-CFR) was then polymerised by ferric salt. The structures of the specimens were characterised by means of Fourier transform infrared and Proton – Nuclear Magnetic Resonanse (1H-NMR) spectroscopy. Thermal properties of the samples were determined with differential scanning calorimeter. Molecular weights of the specimens were determined by gel permeation chromatography. The obtained samples were also characterised morphologically by scanning electron microscope. Design/methodology/approach – Synthesis of Th-CFR comonomers by a combination of condensation polymerization and chemical oxidation polymerisation processes is described. First, Th-CFR units were prepared by direct condensation reaction of thiophene-2-carbonyl chloride (ThCCl) and hydroxyl groups of CFR. Then, the chemical oxidation (CO) of Th-CFR in the presence of anhydrous iron (III) chloride salt (FeCl3) was performed in chloroform (CHCl3)/acetonitrile mixture solutions at room temperature. Findings – The important structural factor determined quantitatively for Th-CFR is the CFR/ThCCl ratio after reaction. The effect of the mole ratio effect of ThCCl and ketonic resin on the solubility, molecular weight, Tm and Tg values of the comonomers (Th-CFRs) were investigated. Research limitations/implications – The ferric ion (Fe+3) has a standard oxidation potential. Furthermore, FeCl3 can react with thiophene to produce a cation radical. FeCl3 cannot react with hydroxyl groups of ketonic resins. When ferric is used for in situ chemical oxidation application at relatively low temperatures (e.g. < 20°C), the oxidation reactions are usually less aggressive. Practical implications – This work provides technical information for the synthesis of conducting block copolymer and for the synthesis of chain-extended resins. The modified resins contain electro-active monomer as thiophene. The chemical oxidation system has been used to polymerise these thiophene groups and resins with much higher molecular weight might be produced. These resins may also promote the adhesive strength of a coating and corrosion inhibition to metal surfaces of a coating. Social implications – This will be used for the preparation of AB- and ABA-type block copolymers. These block copolymers may exhibit different properties due to incorporation of monomer into the block copolymer structure. Originality/value – Novel Th-CFR comonomers were synthesised. These comonomers have higher glass transition temperature (Tg) and melting temperature (Tm) value than CFR alone. The chemical oxidation system has been used to polymerise these thiophene-functionalised ketonic resins.