Weight-losing diets have appealed to people who want to lose weight in the short-term. They usually apply high-protein (HP) diets (like Atkin's, Stillman's, Scarsdale) which they practice for 2 weeks or so. Unfortunately, these people who have rapid weight loss return to their old habits and quickly regain the weight lost. We have shown in previous work that actually these weight losses have been associated with body fl uids, protein and glycogen storage. In our study, we examined the effect of unbalanced diet-related to an HP diet-on liver glycogen storage. For this study 40 Swiss albino mice consisting of two groups were used. The fi rst group (HPSD) was fed with 25% HP for fi fteen days and then were fed standard meals for the remaining 15 days; the other group was fed with standard meals throughout. The two groups were fed their respective diets for 30 days. At the end of 15th, 20th, 25th and 30th days 5 from each group were killed with cervical dislocation. The livers were removed perfused and then fi xated. There were major differences in weight between the fi rst and the fi fteenth days. We detected remarkable increase in the weight gain of mice in the remaining 15 days. Glycogen storage was signifi cantly reduced in HPSD (15) stained with PAS. In the others 20th, 25th and 30th days abnormally dense glycogen deposits were observed. Vacuoles in the hepatocyte cytoplasm, brownish deposits within hepatocytes, wide sinusoids, macrovesiculler steatosis structures and hydropic degeneration were observed in PAS and H&E stained HPSD group. As a result for the HPSD group a signifi cant decrement in glycogen storage at the 15th day and also an accumulation of excessive amounts of glycogen deposits in mice liver was observed in the normal feeding phase.

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Objectives: In this study, the relationship between tobacco addiction levels, early smoking, and DRD2 TaqIA polymorphism was investigated. Materials and methods: The present study included 36 smokers and 12 non-smoking voluntary controls. Study groups were established as the non-smoking control group and addicted (less than 1 pack, between 1-2 packs, more than 2 packs per day) groups. Genotypes of the dopamine type-2 receptor (DRD2) gene TaqIA polymorphic region from genomic DNA isolated from oral swab samples were determined by PCR followed by Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (RFLP) analysis. Results: Presence of the DRD2 TaqIA homozygous polymorphic genotype in addicted individuals who smoked two or more packs per day and the absence of non-smoker control individuals may indicate that the polymorphic TaqIA allele of the DRD2 gene is associated with smoking. It was found that individuals carrying the polymorphic TaqIA allele in homozygous (~13 years) and heterozygous forms (~16.3 years) had a lower age of starting smoking compared to homozygous wild types (~18.6 years). Mean BMI (body mass index) of the study participants was 24.66 kg/m2 (normal weight), waist/hip ratio 0.82 (no abdominal obesity). Conclusion: The results of our study suggest that the TaqIA variant allele is related to early smoking condition. In addition, it was determined that there was a higher tendency of smoking addiction among children of addicted parents.

There have been serious problems in optimizing capacity management due to lacking detailed analysis of the current business model in Licensed Grain Warehouses (LGW) in Turkey. Therefore, the study's objectives were to economically analyze the standard and industrialist business models and examine the capacity management optimization in LGW in Turkey. Research data were collected from managers of warehouses by using semi-structured interviews and observations. Management records of the examined firms were also used to elicit warehouse-level data. MOTAD model was used to generate a capacity optimization plan under risky conditions. Research results showed that the capacity use ratio of two different business models was nearly the same, and both had smaller capacity use ratios than that of the optimum. Inventory turnover of the industrialist business model was higher than that of the standard one (P< 0.01). The amount of loss was lower than 1% in both business models. The gross income of the industrialist business model was larger compared to a standard business model. MOTAD programming results revealed that, with government incentives and support, optimizing the storage organization in the industrialist business model increased the gross revenue of licensed warehouses by 177.27%. Ensuring the optimum capacity management would reduce the need for working capital by 21.69%. The study suggests conversion from a standard business model to an industrialist one and controlling and monitoring inventory turnover to optimize the capacity of LGW.