Objective
Many studies have investigated lower 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25[OH]D) levels in patients with Alzheimer’s disease (AD) compared with those in control patients. In the present study, we aimed to evaluate serum free and bioavailable 25(OH)D levels in patients with AD and in healthy control patients.
Methods
The AD group consisted of 85 patients aged >60 years who were diagnosed with possible AD according to National Institute on Aging-Alzheimer’s Association criteria and 85 healthy control patients. Serum levels of total 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D, total 25(OH)D, vitamin D binding protein (VDBP), parathormone, calcium, phosphorus and albumin, free 25(OH)D, bioavailable 25(OH)D, and the bioavailable 25(OH)D/total 25(OH)D ratio were compared in both groups.
Results
Total 25(OH)D, free 25(OH)D, bioavailable 25(OH)D, and the bioavailable 25(OH)D/total 25(OH)D ratio were significantly lower (P <.001, P <.001, P <.001, P <.05, respectively) in the AD group, whereas the VDBP level was significantly higher (P <.05) in the AD than in the control group.
Conclusion
Free and bioavailable 25(OH)D detected at lower levels in patients with AD limit the target central effects of 25(OH)D; this result suggests that reduced levels of the active free form of vitamin D may be a risk factor for AD and dementia.
Background: Caudal epidural injections are easy, effective, and safe methods and are good options for patients with low back pain and radicular lower extremity pain. Although various complications related to the technique of the procedure or the drugs used in the procedure have been described, Posterior Reversible Encephalopathy Syndrome (PRES) has not yet been defined for this intervention.Case: In this case report, we describe a case of PRES, which we supported with MRI findings in our patient who developed convulsions, changes in consciousness, and vision loss after being administered with caudal epidural steroid, and whose imaging findings regressed with the regression of clinical symptoms during the treatment process.
Conclusion:Although PRES is rarely reported, it should be kept in mind that it is a complication that can develop after caudal epidural steroid injection. K E Y W O R D S caudal epidural injection, low back pain, posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome (PRES), postlaminectomy syndrome
İskemik ağrı, ekstremitelere yetersiz kan akımıyla sonuçlanan bir grup hastalığın ana semptomudur. Bu semptomatolojide iki ana hastalık ayırt edilir: kritik vasküler hastalık ve Raynaud fenomeni. Kritik vasküler hastalık diabetes mellitus veya hipertansiyonun neden olduğu aterosklerozun zemininde gelişmektedir. Raynaud fenomeni primer ve sekonder forma ayrılır. Primer form vazospazmdan nedenlidir ve altta yatan bir neden yoktur. İkincil form, altta yatan bağ dokusu veya romatizmal hastalıklar, tromboangit obliterans (Burger hastalığı) gibi periferal vasküler hastalıklar ile ilişkilidir. Raynaud hastalığında klinik bulgular, soğuğa maruz kalma ile morarma, soğukluk, ağrılı parestezi gibi vasomotor değişiklikler ve kronik iskemiden kaynaklanan ülserlerdir. Kritik iskemik hastalıkta klinik prezentasyon, erken evre için intermitten kladikasyo ve ileri evrelerde istirahat ağrısı, kangren, nekroz ve trofik değişiklikler de eklenir. Raynaud hastalığının erken evrede tedavisi medikal ve konservatiftir. İleri evre iskemik vasküler hastalık, tıbbi tedaviye dirençli ağrı, endovasküler tedaviye yetersiz yanıt, inoperabl vakalar gibi durumlarda sempatektomi ve spinal cord stimülasyonu (SKS) gibi girişimler uygulanabilir. SKS vazodilatör mediatörler ile vasküler rezistansı azaltır ve kan akımınıı arttırır. SKS ayrıca sempatik vazokonstriksiyonu baskılar, doku kanlanmasını arttırır, doku hasarını azaltır, ülser iyileşmesini sağlar ve ağrıyı azaltır. Bu olgu bildirimlerinde dirençli Raynaud hastalığının ve ileri evre Burger hastalığının SKS ile başarılı bir şekilde tedavi edildiğini gösterdik.
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