Both occult lateral spread and fragmented tumor patterns are common findings after CRT. Despite the potential of occult spread to mislead surgeon choice of resection margin, its presence did not influence oncological outcome in this series.

The treatment of rectal cancer has evolved significantly over the last 100 years. Standardization of total mesorectal excision and the development of techniques for sphincter preservation have resulted in significant improvements in the management of this disease. Still, local disease control and functional outcomes of sphincter preserving procedures remain a relevant issue. In this historical paper, the oncological and functional outcomes of patients with rectal cancer treated between 1960 and 1971 by a pioneer woman surgeon using a sphincter preserving approach and a technique resembling total mesorectal excision performed at that time are reported. The results reflect one of the earliest steps of partial intersphincteric resection and total mesorectal excision with good oncological outcomes (2% local recurrence) and acceptable functional outcomes in a highly selected group of patients.

El presente trabajo buscó evaluar los factores mas influyentes para el desarrollo del Síndrome de Intestino Irritable, por lo que se realizo un estudio transversal a 152 alumnos de la carrera de medicina de la Universidad Abierta Interamericana, durante junio-julio 2020, aplicando diversas variables de las cuales el tabaquismo y  los episodios de gastroenteritis aisladas fueron los factores con mayor relevancia. 

Background: Severity of COVID-19 has been linked to several factors. As any other polygenic-multifactorial phenotype, genotype is not determinant in this prediction but may add actionable information. There is no consensus yet as to which genetic markers are useful, but several studies have been published that postulate different hypotheses acknowledging the relevance of including host genetics among the variables that predict the risk for severe forms of the disease.  Objective: The objective of this study is to perform a systematic review that summarizes the projects, studies and postulated markers in order to establish if their application in clinical practice is currently feasible. Materials and methods: A comprehensive search was conducted in Pubmed. The inclusion criterion was studies of patients with COVID-19 who had germinal genetic markers of interest sequenced. The selected studies had to include at least a group of patients with the severe form of the disease. Results: 7 studies that met the criteria were included, which involved 6347 individuals. Markers for 19  genes have been postulated as relevant. Conclusion: The performed analysis indicates that multiple markers may be correlated with worse evolution of COVID-19; however, great heterogeneity has been found among the studies, which still precludes their translation into clinical practice.

Background: In the population of HIV-infected patients, superficial mycoses may have different clinical manifestations, evolution and etiology from those found in the non-HIV population. Objectives: To describe superficial lesions of fungal etiology in HIV-infected patients and compare them with a control group. Materials and methods: 79 patients (25 HIV positive and 54 controls) were evaluated. A card was prepared with data: age, sex, description and location of the lesion, evolution time and previous treatment. Samples of skin and lines of lesions with suspected fungal etiology were taken and a mycological study was performed. Results: A slightly significant difference was observed between HIV reactive patients with respect to the control group in the number of cases of foot Tinea unguium. The clinical presentation of intertrigo was more observed in the group of HIV positive patients. Conclusions: Superficial mycoses are more common infections in HIV reactive patients, with mixed clinical presentations and the difference in CD4 count between the HIV population in successful ARV treatment does not modify the clinical presentation of dermatophytosis.