The emergence of new psychoactive substances has earned a great deal of attention, and several reports of acute poisoning and deaths have been issued involving, for instance, synthetic opiates. In recent years, there have been profound alterations in the legislation concerning consumption, marketing, and synthesis of these compounds; rapid alert systems have also been subject to changes, and new substances and new markets, mainly through the internet, have appeared. Their effects and how they originate in consumers are still mostly unknown, primarily in what concerns chronic toxicity. This review intends to provide a detailed description of these substances from the point of view of consumption, toxicokinetics, and health consequences, including case reports on intoxications in order to help researchers and public health agents working daily in this area.

It is common knowledge that natural dyes are fit for textile dyeing since ancient times. Basically, natural dyes are elements derived from natural resources, and classified as plant, animal, mineral, and microbial dyes based upon their source of origin. Natural dyeing is a very important part of the old Portuguese tradition which is, currently, regaining awareness due to sustainability and health issues that has arisen from the massive application of synthetic dyes in textile coloration. In this study we sought to optimize the extraction of Sorghum vulgare (curumanine and apigeninidin) through the use of a design of experiments (DOE) methodology and to develop an analytical method by high performance liquid chromatography-diode array detector (HPLC-DAD) for their quantification. Dyes extracted and isolated were then used to dye 100% wool jersey knits by way of the exhaustion process. The color strength and fastness properties of the dyed samples against washing, and rubbing were evaluated. Our findings proved that meta-mordanted samples dyed at 80°C for 4h obtained the best strength and color fastness results.