Declining yields and soil nutrient balance in a long-term rice-rice-wheat study suggest depletion of soil potassium (K) and inadequate K fertilization seem to be primary reasons for limited and declining crop yields.

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In transplanted flooded rice (Oryza sativa L.) culture in Asia, N fertilizer recovery efficiency (RE) estimates are usually greater with the difference method than with the 15N method. These reported differences are greater and more common for transplanted irrigated rice than for upland crops and might be associated with basal N applications when plant demand is low. Added N interactions (ANI), or greater soil N accumulation in fertilized plants than in unfertilized plants, are often cited as the reason for these differences. The causes of ANI can be stimulation of mineralization of soil organic matter by fertilizer or greater root exploration in fertilized plants. The objectives of this pot study were (i) to compare the 15N dilution method using enriched 15N‐urea (5.0 atom %), and 14N‐urea (0.366 atom %) plus 15N‐labeled (0.447 atom %, Maahas clay [isohyperthermic Andaqueptic Haplaquoll]) soil, with the difference method of measuring RE of N, as affected by timing of application, and (ii) to use 15N‐labeled (0.447 atom %) soil to directly measure ANI as 15N accumulation in 14N fertilized pots minus 15N accumulation in unfertilized pots. Recovery efficiency measures at physiological maturity were higher with the difference method (54%) than with the two isotope dilution methods (44%), which were in turn similar. The real ANI measured was negligible, as the root biomass in this clay soil was not greatly affected by fertilization. Therefore, the ANI was apparent and due to isotope substitution. The RE estimate by difference (54.4%) was therefore more accurate than the RE measure by 15N methods (44.4%). The 33.2% of added 15N not accounted for in the plant–soil system was a measure of N fertilizer losses (NH3 volatilization from floodwater, denitrification, NH3 loss through the plant during grain fill) that were not affected by isotope substitution. Recovery efficiency estimated with 15N‐enriched soil plus ordinary urea was identical to the RE estimate using enriched 15N‐urea, although both were underestimations because of isotope substitution.