Catheter-associated urinary tract infections (CAUTIs) are common and pose significant costs to healthcare systems. To date, this problem is largely unsolved as commercially available antimicrobial catheters are still lacking in functionality and performance. A prior study by Lim et al. (Biotechnol. Bioeng.201811520002012) reported the development of a novel anhydrous polycaprolactone (PCL) polymer formulation with controlled-release functionality for antimicrobial peptides. In this follow-up study, we developed an improved antimicrobial peptide (AMP)–impregnated poly­(ethylene glycol) (PEG)–polycaprolactone (PCL) anhydrous polymer coating for enhanced sustained controlled-release functionality to provide catheters with effective antimicrobial properties. Varying the ratio of PEG and PEG–PCL copolymers resulted in polymers with different morphologies, consequently affecting the AMP release profiles. The optimal coating, formulated with 10% (w/w) PEG–PCL in PCL, achieved a controlled AMP release rate of 31.65 ± 6.85 μg/mL daily for up to 19 days, with a moderate initial burst release. Such profile is desired for antimicrobial coating as the initial burst release acts as a sterilizer to kill the bacteria present in the urinary tract upon insertion, and the subsequent linear release functions as a prophylaxis to deter opportunistic microbial infections. As a proof-of-concept application, our optimized coating was then applied to a commercial silicone catheter for further antibacterial tests. Preliminary results revealed that our coated catheters outperformed commercial silver-based antimicrobial catheters in terms of antimicrobial performance and sustainability, lasting for 4 days. Application of the controlled-release coating also aids in retarding biofilm formation, showing a lower extent of biofilm formation at the end of seven inoculation cycles.

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The various forms of cellulose-based materials possess high mechanical and thermal stabilities, as well as three-dimensional open network structures with high aspect ratios capable of incorporating other materials to produce composites for a wide range of applications. Being the most prevalent natural biopolymer on the Earth, cellulose has been used as a renewable replacement for many plastic and metal substrates, in order to diminish pollutant residues in the environment. As a result, the design and development of green technological applications of cellulose and its derivatives has become a key principle of ecological sustainability. Recently, cellulose-based mesoporous structures, flexible thin films, fibers, and three-dimensional networks have been developed for use as substrates in which conductive materials can be loaded for a wide range of energy conversion and energy conservation applications. The present article provides an overview of the recent advancements in the preparation of cellulose-based composites synthesized by combining metal/semiconductor nanoparticles, organic polymers, and metal-organic frameworks with cellulose. To begin, a brief review of cellulosic materials is given, with emphasis on their properties and processing methods. Further sections focus on the integration of cellulose-based flexible substrates or three-dimensional structures into energy conversion devices, such as photovoltaic solar cells, triboelectric generators, piezoelectric generators, thermoelectric generators, as well as sensors. The review also highlights the uses of cellulose-based composites in the separators, electrolytes, binders, and electrodes of energy conservation devices such as lithium-ion batteries. Moreover, the use of cellulose-based electrodes in water splitting for hydrogen generation is discussed. In the final section, we propose the underlying challenges and outlook for the field of cellulose-based composite materials.