Modular plasmid architectures have
shown to be a very useful resource
to standardize, build, share, and compare biological parts and functional
vectors, and are being applied in an increasing number of microorganisms.
Here, we present a modular plasmid toolkit for Thermus
thermophilus, a species considered as a workhorse
for biotechnology and a model for high-temperature biology. Apart
from integrating improved versions of already existing parts, we have
characterized specific promoters and developed a thermosensor-based
palette that restricts the expression to Thermus and,
at the same time, controls protein expression in this organism in
a temperature-dependent manner.
While most countries have imposed austerity policies that risk jeopardizing the progress towards gender equality, there are examples of European regions that have maintained or strengthened gender‐equality policies in a climate of economic downturn. Following a realist approach and adopting Kingdon's agenda‐setting model as our framework, this explanatory case study examines how, why and under which circumstances the gender budgeting strategy has resisted austerity measures. This strategy represents a key tool for gender mainstreaming in Andalusia, a southern region of Spain. Results have shown that the existence of a strong left‐wing government is a necessary context for the maintenance of gender equality policies. The feasibility given by the previous context of institutionalization of this strategy and its low cost, together with political commitment — with a decisive contribution from female leadership — have been the major factors allowing the maintenance of the gender budgeting strategy in Andalusia.
Current literature on social and political accountability hardly explains why governments are (or are not) interested in including non-state actors in decision-making and policy implementation. This paper argues that accountability is the product of the interplay of ideas and institutions to mediate contradictory interests in the definition of normative, strategic and operational policy aims and means. Process-tracing is utilized to identify the causal mechanism linking the adoption of international law instruments to actual enforcement of accountability in a policy area. The case study is about the indigenous right to prior consultation on oil and gas policies in Colombia and Ecuador.
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