Under the global climate negotiations, a REDDþ (Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation, conservation of forest carbon stocks; sustainable management of forests, and enhancement of forest carbon stocks) regime is established by multi-stakeholders such as transnational organizations, states, and non-governmental organizations (NGOs). However, several developed countries have strategically exerted their leadership in forming and implementing a REDDþ regime in the international community. This paper attempts to investigate national REDDþ strategies of Norway, Germany, Australia, the US, and Japan which have contributed to forming a global REDDþ regime. REDDþ strategies and policies of the five countries were analyzed using three categories: pledge, type of support, and approach. These five countries have commonalities in that they pledged their commitment to establishing a REDDþ architecture through nonbinding agreements such as the Copenhagen Accord and the REDDþ Partnership. Furthermore, they have been providing developing countries with financial and technical assistance through multilateral and bilateral schemes using their own international initiatives on climate and forest. Nevertheless, they have different approaches and scoping for REDDþ. The results from this study indicate that developed countries contribute to building a global regime on REDDþ with different strategies based on their interests and perspectives. These can be elucidated as leadership in forming the REDDþ regime. Analysis on activities to support REDDþ as international cooperation strategies by developed countries will help the dynamics of a global regime of REDDþ to be understood.

This paper discusses various ways through which Multinational Development Banks (MDBs) can mobilize private capital. The paper provides insights into innovative de-risking mechanisms and structures, to catalyze private finance for climate investments. To understand how MDBs can become 'mobilizers', it teases out the specific features from these mechanisms that could be replicated and scaled under certain conditions..