PurposeDrug-induced sedation endoscopy (DISE) classification systems have been used to assess anatomical findings on upper airway obstruction, and decide and plan surgical treatments and act as a predictor for surgical treatment outcome for obstructive sleep apnoea management. The first objective is to identify if there is a universally accepted DISE grading and classification system for analysing DISE findings. The second objective is to identify if there is one DISE grading and classification treatment planning framework for deciding appropriate surgical treatment for obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA). The third objective is to identify if there is one DISE grading and classification treatment outcome framework for determining the likelihood of success for a given OSA surgical intervention.MethodsA systematic review was performed to identify new and significantly modified DISE classification systems: concept, advantages and disadvantages.ResultsFourteen studies proposing a new DISE classification system and three studies proposing a significantly modified DISE classification were identified. None of the studies were based on randomised control trials.ConclusionDISE is an objective method for visualising upper airway obstruction. The classification and assessment of clinical findings based on DISE is highly subjective due to the increasing number of DISE classification systems. Hence, this creates a growing divergence in surgical treatment planning and treatment outcome. Further research on a universally accepted objective DISE assessment is critically needed.

Drug-induced sedation endoscopy (DISE) classification systems play a significant role in clinical analysis based on DISE findings, treatment decision process, treatment planning process and fundamentally in treatment outcomes. However, there is a major problem: there is no universally agreed DISE classification system. Hence, for the same DISE examination different DISE classification systems can be used to: assess anatomic findings, decide and plan different treatments. Hence, this leads to different treatment outcomes. The key objective of this study is to propose uDISE model: universal drug-induced sedation endoscopy (DISE) classification system. Set theory and relational mapping was used to develop a DISE classification system based on anatomical structures/level; degree of severity; and configuration of obstruction and its relationship with existing DISE classification systems. uDISE model consists of seven anatomical sites (nose, velum, tonsils, lateral pharyngeal wall/oropharynx, tongue base, epiglottis and larynx), three degrees of obstructive severity (none, partial and complete), three configurations of obstruction (anteroposterior, lateral and circumferential) and a severity index. uDISE model was mapped to four existing DISE classification systems: Pringle and Croft grading system, VOTE, NOHL and P-T-L-Tb-E. uDISE model provides a methodology for mapping different DISE findings based on different classification systems into one common DISE assessments format. This provides a framework for comparing different DISE assessments, treatment plan and treatment outcome irrespective of DISE classification system used. Further research is required to establish a complete relational mapping between uDISE model and other existing DISE classification systems.

Drug-induced sleep endoscopy (DISE) is a diagnostic technique for 3D dynamic anatomical visualisation of upper airway obstruction during sedated sleep. There is a lack of standardised procedure and objective measurement associated with information capture, information management, evaluation of DISE findings, treatment planning, and treatment outcomes. The objective of this study is to present clinical feasibility results using a DISE DATA FUSION system for capturing, merging, displaying and storing anatomical data from an endoscopic imaging system and cardiorespiratory data from an anaesthesiological monitoring system simultaneously in real-time during DISE. This prospective cohort study included 20 patients presenting with symptoms of sleep related breathing disorders undergoing drug-induced sedation endoscopy and had volunteered for DISE DATA FUSION system to be used during their DISE assessment. The DISE DATA FUSION system was used to capture, merge, display, and store anatomical changes from an endoscopic imaging system and cardiorespiratory changes from an anaesthesiological monitoring system simultaneously in real time during drug-induced sedation endoscopy assessment. In all 20 patients, anatomical obstructions at different levels of the pharyngeal lumen (soft palate, velum, tonsils, oropharynx lateral wall, base of tongue, and epiglottis) with a different obstruction configuration and severity were captured simultaneously in real time with its associated cardiorespiratory parameters. Furthermore, a composite video consisting of an anatomical image, blood oxygen level, pulse rate, blood pressure, and timestamp was created for every obstructive event. Our system provides a useful and better way of capturing, merging, visualising, and storing anatomical data/physiological data simultaneously during DISE in real time. Furthermore, it enhances the understanding of the impact of the anatomical severity due to the simultaneous display of the cardiovascular parameters at that specific time of anatomical obstruction for optimising surgical decision based on DISE.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s00405-017-4765-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

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NIH), who were coauthors of our original article, for providing valuable comments and sharing important references. We also thank Ms Losonczy for performing additional statistical analyses of current and past NHANES datasets. Finally, we thank our colleague, Barry Graubard, PhD, National Cancer Institute, NIH, for his review and insightful comments concerning NHANES and analyses of blood lead levels. They were not compensated.