Cytogenetic characterization by karyotyping and determination of DNA content by flow cytometry of seven cultivated varieties of Chenopodium was performed. Chenopodium quinoa cultivar Barandales and C. berlandieri subsp. nuttalliae cultigens Huauzontle, Quelite and Chia roja showed 2n = 4x = 36, x = 9. Statistically insignificant genome size differences for studied varieties ranged from 2.96 pg/2C (1 Cx = 724 Mbp) in C. quinoa to 3.04 pg/2C (1 Cx = 743 Mbp) in Huauzontle. Karyotype analyses revealed the presence of nine groups of four metacentric chromosomes, including two pairs of chromosomes with satellites. The first pair of satellites was located on the largest pair of chromosomes and the second on a different pair of chromosomes in all accessions analyzed. Variation among varieties was evident in chromosome size, genome length (GL) and the position of satellites. Chia roja exhibited greatest GL (58.82 lm) and biggest chromosomes (2.04 lm). Huauzontle showed the smallest GL (45.02 lm) and shortest chromosomes (1.60 lm). Comparison of GL in studied taxa was statistically significant and allowed to define three groups according to the use given to these plants. These data indicate that they are small, very stable genomes in terms of DNA content, and they support the allotetraploid origin(s) of C. berlandieri subsp. nuttalliae and C. quinoa.

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Andisols are distinguished by a high phosphorus (P) adsorption capacity, which is a restrictive factor for plant growth. This study, it was hypothesized that the availability of P in the different forms extracted sequentially, would vary according to the land use, and its exchange would depend on its chemical characteristics. For this purpose, sequential extraction and isotopic dilution techniques were utilized to measure the effect of land use systems and corresponding P fertilizer inputs on size of inorganic and organic P forms and their lability. An Andisol sample from a field site with a long history of P amendments and another sample from a contiguous forested area under natural vegetation were treated with applied KH232PO4. The soil samples were sequentially extracted for P fractions after 49 days (d) of incubation. Recovery of 32P in each P form was evaluated. The recovery of 32P in all soil P fractions exhibited that 32P had undergone exchange with the native P. The exchange reaction occurred mainly in the Pi fractions. Resin-Pi, Bic-Pi and NaOH-Pi were increased by P fertilization, with the greater level occurring for NaOH-Pi. The highest increase of the 32P recovered in the NaOH0.1-Pi fraction of the P-fertilized Andisol shows that the added P changed into this form stays highly exchangeable and contributes P fertility to this soil type. The recalcitrant inorganic fractions contained almost no exchangeable P. In contrast, in native soil with no P input, more than 20% of the 32P was recovered in Bic-Po and NaOH-Po forms 49 d after the labeled P was added. The change in soil P fraction was associated with soil type and P addition. Nonetheless, the applied P persisting in the fraction can be exchangeable with solution P and, hence, can be plant-available.

ResumenLa chía es un grano apreciado por su gran contenido de ácidos grasos, entre ellos el omega 3 útil para contrarrestar los triglicéridos, de igual manera se relaciona con la pérdida de peso en el ser humano, en tiempos prehispánicos se requería como pago de tributo a los pueblos conquistadores, las semillas se usaban como revitalizante para los combatientes que partían a la guerra y para las mujeres que se preparaban para el parto, actualmente su uso es común en la preparación de agua fresca, en preparación de pintura (aceite) y como enriquecedor de productos panificados. La producción se perdió a raíz de la conquista ya que los españoles trajeron nuevos cultivos, los cuales fueron desplazando a la chía a sembrase en zonas muy apartadas. Hoy la chía ha tenido un repunte gracias a sus propiedades, las cuales han permitido ampliar su consumo. Siendo México lugar de origen, se cuenta las condiciones propicias para el desarrollo solo hay que buscar los mejores lugares y las practicas apropiadas para tener éxito en el l cultivo. Teniendo en cuenta lo antes expuesto se realizó una revisión bibliográfica, siendo el objetivo del presente trabajo dar a conocer las tendencias futuras y actuales de la chía. AbstractThe chia is a grain appreciated for its high content of fatty acids, including omega 3 useful for counteracting triglycerides, similarly it is related to weight loss in humans, in pre-hispanic times was required as payment of tribute to the conquering peoples, their seeds were used as a revitalizer for combatants who went to war, and for women who were preparing for childbirth, their use today is common in the preparation of fresh water, in preparation of oil, and as an enricher of baked goods. Its production was lost as a result of the conquest as the Spanish brought new crops, which displaced that of the Chia, condemning it to plant only in very remote areas. Currently the cultivation of chia has had a rebound thanks to its properties, which have allowed to expand its consumption. As México is a place of origin, there are conditions that are conducive to the development of the crop, only the best places and the appropriate practices must be sought to be successful in the development of the crop. Taking into account the above, a bibliographic review was carried out, the objective of this work being to present future and current trends of chia. 1620 Rev. Mex. Cienc. Agríc. Vol.8 Núm. 7 27 de septiembre -11 de noviembre, 2017Aristarco Aguas Atlahua et al.Palabras claves: Salvia hispanica L., alternativa de producción, propiedades alimenticias.