The field of neuroarchitecture explores how various architectural elements impact human physical and mental health, based on neuroscience principles. With the development of functional neuroimaging and electroencephalogram studies, researchers can now visualize and quantify how different architectural factors affect brain activity, emotions, and cognition. Mobile Brain/Body Imaging is a new research methodology that records a moving person’s brain activity and bodily sensations in real time, promising to be a useful tool for space and urban design. In this article, we discuss neuroarchitecture from the perspective of circadian rhythm, physical health, and mental health. Studies have shown that artificial light at night disrupts the circadian rhythm, leading to acute and chronic negative health effects. Conversely, creating a personcentered light environment or incorporating nature-like elements can have a positive impact on health. Research has also shown that exposure to nature reduces self-rumination and contributes to psychological well-being. Neuroarchitecture studies on other factors, such as ceiling height, wall colors, and the movement of people in the building, should be expanded to gain greater insights and practical applications. The convergence of neuroscience and architecture has the potential to identify architectural elements that benefit human physical and mental health.