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Objectives : In this study, thermo-chemically treated carcasses from livestock burial sites were composted, and kenaf and rice straw were used as moisture control agents for composting. Changes in the characteristics of the compost pile for 60 days were observed, and the physico-chemical characteristics of the comopost were analyzed after the end of the experiment to evaluate the potential for recycling of buried livestock carcasses through composting.Methods : The compost pile was prepared by mixing the treated carcass with kenaf and rice straw in the ratios of 7:3, 6:4, 2:1, and 1:1 (V/V), respectively. Samples were collected on days 0, 7, 15, 30, 45, and 60 after deposition to analyze temperature, pH, and EC. The emissions of the three gases H₂S, NH₃ and CO₂ generated were measured. After composting was completed, the characteristics of the compost pile were identified through physicochemical analysis.Results and Discussion : After the initial mixing of raw materials, the temperature increased in all treatment areas after the initial stage. The initial pH of composting was strongly alkaline, then gradually decreased and stabilized on the 50th day of composting. H₂S and NH₃ are mainly generated in the early composting stage and decreased rapidly. CO₂ reached its maximum concentration on day 15 and then decreased. After the end of composting, the nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium contents increased compared to before composting. In all compost piles, the organic matter content was over 30%, the moisture content was 4.3~5.9%, and the organic matter to nitrogen ratio was 65.3~82.9. <i>Escherichia coli</i> and <i>Salmonella</i> were not detected in all compost piles. The maturity of compost piles in which carcass and Kenaf were mixed in the ratio of 2:1 and the compost bed in which carcass and rice straw were mixed in the ratio of 6:4 and 1:1 were over 70, showing acceptable maturity.Conclusion : In this study, the recycling potential of livestock burial samples through composting was evaluated. Physico-chemical analysis has shown that kenaf or rice straw and carcass are to be mixed to form a compost pile that can be used as compost.

Objectives : Major factors affecting ammonia emission from the soil and strategies to reduce ammonia emission were investigated through literature surveys.Methods : An academic search was conducted using keywords such as agriculture, ammonia, and fine dust, and the effects of soil characteristics on ammonia emission were summarized for each factor.Results and Discussion : Emissions of ammonia into the atmosphere can reduce economic returns for a farmer and negatively impact the atmospheric environment by acting as a precursor to PM2.5 formations. It is reported that agriculture accounts for 78% of the total ammonia emission sources in Korea. Ammonia emission from the soil is affected by the type of ammonia fertilizer, soil moisture, pH, temperature, cation exchange capacity, organic matter, and soil texture. An increase in soil moisture increases ammonia emissions. As soil pH increases, ammonia emissions increase, noticeably above 7.5. An increase in soil temperature increases the rate of hydrolysis of urea and the rate of conversion to ammonia gas, resulting in increased ammonia emissions. Soils with high cation exchange capacity adsorb ammonium to reduce ammonia emissions. Soils with a high clay content and soil organic matter content are more buffered to changes in soil pH, reducing ammonia emissions.Conclusion : Based on understanding the mechanisms and causes of ammonia emission from the soil, it is possible to establish soil and environmental management to reduce ammonia emissions into the atmosphere.