Huanglongbing (HLB) is a destructive disease of citrus trees caused by phloem-limited bacteria, Candidatus Liberibacter spp. One of the early microscopic manifestations of HLB is excessive starch accumulation in leaf chloroplasts. We hypothesize that the causative bacteria in the phloem may intervene photoassimilate export, causing the starch to over-accumulate. We examined citrus leaf phloem cells by microscopy methods to characterize plant responses to Liberibacter infection and the contribution of these responses to the pathogenicity of HLB. Plasmodesmata pore units (PPUs) connecting companion cells and sieve elements were stained with a callose-specific dye in the Liberibacter-infected leaf phloem cells; callose accumulated around PPUs before starch began to accumulate in the chloroplasts. When examined by transmission electron microscopy, PPUs with abnormally large callose deposits were more abundant in the Liberibacter-infected samples than in the uninfected samples. We demonstrated an impairment of symplastic dye movement into the vascular tissue and delayed photoassimilate export in the Liberibacter-infected leaves. Liberibacter infection was also linked to callose deposition in the sieve plates, which effectively reduced the sizes of sieve pores. Our results indicate that Liberibacter infection is accompanied by callose deposition in PPUs and sieve pores of the sieve tubes and suggest that the phloem plugging by callose inhibits phloem transport, contributing to the development of HLB symptoms.

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Ras super family proteins serve as molecular switches regulating many different cellular processes. However, given the large number of family members, sequence information has provided little insight into the function of individual proteins. This study examined phenotypic alterations in an Arabidopsis ara2 mutant, in which a Ras super family member-encoding gene is disrupted by a T-DNA insertion. Although one mutant line (Salk_013811) was hypersensitive to auxin, its T-DNA insertion was in the 5'-UTR of ARA2. Thus, we examined a true ARA2 knock-out mutant (Salk_077747) which contains an insertion in the first exon of ARA2. We found that ARA2 expression is responsive to auxin and at low concentrations, ara2 mutant plants exhibit increased numbers of lateral roots. ARA2 overexpression causes plants to exhibit hypersensitivity to auxin, due to altered expression of auxin-responsive genes, and these plants exhibited reduced numbers of lateral roots. A GFP-ARA2 fusion protein localized to the endosomes, suggesting that ARA2 may play a role in vesicle trafficking of components involved in polar auxin transport. Taken together, these results show that ARA2 is an essential component of a pathway that couples auxin signaling to plant growth and development.

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