This paper critically examines the Seoul city government's attempts at the policy transfer of creative cities programmes, both as a policy borrower and as a policy lender, by using the emergent 'policy mobilities' approach. Seoul's way of actualising the idea of creative cities places more emphasis on local-serving administration, tourism and physical cultural infrastructure. The original creative city programmes have been transformed, ideologically and materially, by Seoul into a process of downsizing government organisations and workforce and limiting the use of public space. Seoul's attempt to be a policy lender is not a product of other foreign cities' policy transfer from Seoul, but the result of the city government's promotional practices. Its final outcome, thus bears relatively little relationship or similarity to the original policies, encountering unexpected administrative and operational problems, such as increasing debt and resistance from civil groups.

This study focused on analyzing the impact of social darwinism and eugenics of the development of the anti-immigration sentiment from the late 19th to early 20th century. In the late 19th, as anti-immigration sentiment that based on racism spreaded among the working class, conservative politicians, strong federal immigration regulations were urged. As a result, the immigration policy in the United States has shifted to the restrictionist policy. Social darwinism and eugenics were huge part of the development of this anti-immigration sentiment. Social darwinists and eugenicist explained social injustice based on racism as the providence of nature and made people rank by race. These social darwinism and eugenics became an ideological mechanism of the anti-immigration policy and made a theoretical basis for proving the need and necessity for the anti-immigration policy by having a profound influence on political and intellectual circles. Furthermore, as these views are expressed throughout the cultural world, a stereotyped racist bias was formed in the public. And the perception that races were unequal and American society was being degenerated by inferior races had been formed. As anti-immigration protocols were strengthened and reproduced in these ways, they pressured the federal parliament and the federal government, resulting in changes in immigration policy. In conclusion, changes in the U.S. immigration policy in the late 19th and early 20th centuries were not limited to specific classes and regions, but were the result of popular anti-immigration sentiment, and social darwinism and eugenics were at the root.