To understand the development of crown structure in Betula platyphylla Sukatch., mortality patterns of long shoots were analyzed quantitatively. We selected 25 saplings growing under various light conditions and measured the relative photosynthetically active radiation (rPAR) at, and the three-dimensional position of, first-order branches. A long shoot was assigned "no buds" (NB) status if it lacked buds at the end of the growing season, including at the tips of short shoots. A long shoot was classified as dead if it was NB and all the offspring long shoots issuing from it were NB. The probability that a leafy long shoot (a current-year long shoot with leaves or an older long shoot with short shoots with leaves) would become NB by the end of the season was positively dependent on shoot age and branch age, and negatively dependent on shoot length, centripetal shoot order, branch height and rPAR at the branch. Randomization tests revealed that shoots became NB and dead in clusters of connected shoots. In particular, shoot clusters originating from 3-year-old shoots were more likely to die than expected if each shoot was assumed to become NB regardless of the connection. Stepwise logistic regression revealed that the maximum rPAR within the crown of an individual tree had a significant effect on the mortality rate of 3-year-old shoot clusters, together with the rPAR at the level of the branch and other structural entities. Correlative inhibition is an important mechanism for determining shoot mortality patterns.

In recent years, multicultural families are increasing in Korea. In such multicultural families, there may be language and interpersonal difficulties that affect the children. Given the possibility of real problems affecting academics and the potential for bias, the perceptions of parents and teachers is of vital importance. In this study, parents' and teachers’evaluations of problem behaviors of 405 elementary school students were collected on the Korean Child Behavior Checklist and the Korean Teacher's Report Form. Studies have shown that parents in multicultural families tend to rate their children's problems more seriously than in mono cultural families in the areas of Withdrawal/Depressed, Attention Problems, and Rule-Breaking Behaviors.Teachers rated boys from multicultural families as more problematic with Withdrawal/Depressed, Attention Problems, Rule-Breaking Behaviors, and overall scores than boys from monocultural families. Parents tended to take their child's problematic behaviors more seriously than teachers.In general, younger students were found to be more vulnerable to behavioral problems. This may indicate that an intervention is needed to help the children acculturate.

No abstract

The authors translated the California Brief Multicultural Competence Scale (CBMCS; Gamst et al., 2004), a measure of multicultural competence, into Korean for cross‐cultural validation. An exploratory factor analysis followed by a confirmatory factor analysis on a sample of Korean counselors (N = 365) supported a 3‐factor model: Multicultural Ability, Multicultural Knowledge, and Multicultural Awareness. The Korean version was deemed to possess sound psychometric properties, such as high test‐retest reliability and criterion‐related validity.Los autores tradujeron al idioma coreano la Escala Breve de Competencia Multicultural de California (CBMCS, por sus siglas en inglés; Gamst et al., 2004), un instrumento de medida de competencia multicultural, para su validación intercultural. Un análisis factorial exploratorio seguido de un análisis factorial confirmatorio sobre una muestra de consejeros coreanos (N = 365) respaldó un modelo de 3 factores: Habilidad Multicultural, Conocimiento Multicultural y Conciencia Multicultural. Se concluyó que la versión en coreano tenía propiedades psicométricas sólidas, como una alta fiabilidad de la repetición de las pruebas y una alta validez de criterio.

No abstract