This study investigated how income, duration of illness, social stigma, quality of sleeping, ADL and social participation related to Parkinson's disease(PD) predict depression in a conceptual model based on the International Classification of Functioning(ICF) model. Methods: The sample included 206 adults with idiopathic Parkinson's disease(IPD) attending D university hospital in B Metropolitan City. A structured questionnaire was used and conducted face-to-face interviews. The collected data were analyzed for fitness, using the AMOS 18.0 program. Results: A path analysis showed that the overall model provided empirical evidence for linkages in the ICF model. Depression was manifested by significant direct effects of social stigma(=.20, p<.001), quality of sleeping(=-.40, p<.001), ADL(=-.20, p<.01), and social participation(=-.12, p<.05), indirect effects including income(p<.05), duration of illness(p<.05). These variables explained 45.9% of variance in the prediction model. Conclusions: This model may help nurses to collect and assess information to develop intervention program for depression.

Purpose: Parkinson's disease (PD) has a high incidence of psychiatric comorbidity, specifically depression and anxiety. This study examined the effectiveness of group cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) in treating depression and anxiety. Methods: The study included 42 participants, aged between 52 and 77 years, who were diagnosed with idiopathic Parkinson's disease (IPD) and reported suffering from depression and anxiety. Patients were attending a department of outpatient neurology at D University Schools of Medicine in B Metropolitan city. A structured telephone-administered cognitive behavioral therapy was conducted for eight weeks. A repeated measure ANOVA was used to analyze results at pretest, post-test, and four weeks follow up. Results: According to service method, there were significant differences between the two groups in depression, anxiety and stigma was significant difference between time (p<.05). Analysis of the interaction between time and service method revealed significant differences in depression and anxiety (p<.05). Conclusion: The results suggest that telephoneadministered cognitive behavioral therapy may be effective and may provide opportunity to adapt to individual needs for treating depression and anxiety in patients with Parkinson's disease.

Purpose: Depression is common in people with Parkinson's disease (PD). Frequent and severe neuropsychiatric symptoms lead to high levels of distress and caregiving burden among caregivers. The aim of this study was to examine the effects of disease and the psychological management program (Patient Education for People with Parkinson's Disease, PEPP) on depression, self-efficacy, and caregiving burden among caregivers. Methods: The study included 36 caregiver of PD patients. Patients were assessed using the Hoehn and Yahr scale and Mini-Mental State Examination. Caregivers were evaluated using the Caregiving Burden Inventory, Beck Depression Inventory, and Self-Efficacy Scale, and were randomly assigned into either an experimental or control group. Results: There were no differences in depression according to the group. There were significant differences between the two groups and time with regard to caregiving burden. Analysis of the interaction between time and service method revealed significant differences in caregiving burden and self-efficacy. Conclusion: Attention should be paid to the early identification of caregivers who experience depression and have low self-efficacy in order to decrease caregiving burden. It is also important that caregivers are provided with adequate support and disease management by health professionals and mental health teams.

Purpose: This study aimed to confirm mediating effects of academic self-efficacy in the relationship between academic stress and sleep quality among academic high school students.Methods: The participants included 195 academic high school students who were attending a private educational institution in the Gwangju or Pusan metropolitan city. Data were collected from September 1 to September 30, 2019. The data were analyzed using PROCESS macro SPSS/WIN 3.2 and bootstrapping was used to test the mediating effects.Results: There were significant relationships between sleep quality and academic stress (r=-.55, <i>p</i><.001), sleep quality and academic self-efficacy (r=.35, <i>p</i><.001), and academic stress and academic self-efficacy (r=-.16, <i>p</i><.020). Academic self-efficacy showed partial mediating effects in the relationship between academic stress and sleep quality.Conclusion: These findings suggest that the development of a program that improves the academic self-efficacy of academic high school students who are experiencing academic stress is a way to improve the quality of their sleep.

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