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Objectives:The etiology of central retinal artery occlusion (CRAO) is unclear in about 50% of patients, suggesting pathomechanical heterogeneity; moreover, little is known about outcomes according to etiology. This study investigated whether the presence of an embolic source affects outcome in CRAO.Methods:CRAO patients within 7 days of symptom onset were retrospectively enrolled. Clinical parameters, including initial and 1-month visual acuity, CRAO subtype, and brain images, were reviewed. CRAO etiology was categorized as CRAO with or without an embolic source (CRAO-E+and CRAO-E-). Visual improvement was defined as a decrease in logarithm of the minimum angle of resolution ≥0.3 at 1 month.Results:A total of 114 patients with CRAO were included. Visual improvement was noted in 40.4% of patients. Embolic sources were identified in 55.3% of patients, and visual improvement group rather than no improvement group was more commonly associated with the presence of an embolic source. In multivariable logistic regression analysis, CRAO-E+independently predicted visual improvement (OR 3.00, 95% CI 1.15–7.81,P= 0.025).Discussion:CRAO-E+was found to be associated with a better outcome. CRAO-E+may be more prone to recanalization than that CRAO-E-.

Introduction: Clonal hematopoiesis of indeterminate potential (CHIP) has been linked with incident cardiovascular disease and its outcome. However, the association between CHIP and acute ischemic stroke is not yet fully elucidated. Methods: This retrospective, observational cohort study included 366 acute ischemic stroke patients from a single center prospective stroke registry and 4,628 general population control (age over 40 years old). We compared the prevalence of CHIP between stroke patients and control groups. A multivariable linear or logistic regression model was used to assess the association between CHIP and initial stroke severity, hemorrhagic transformation and functional disability at 90-day (modified Rankin scale score >1) after stroke. The contribution of individual CHIP driving genes was also evaluated. Results: When comparing the acute ischemic stroke patients (N=366) and the general population (N=4,628), the prevalence of CHIP was significantly higher in stroke patients than in the general population (32.0% vs. 13.9% with variant allele frequencies of 1.5%, p<0.001). Most mutated genes in CHIP of stroke patients were DNMT3A, TET2, and PP1MD, in order. In the stroke patients group, the presence of CHIP was significantly associated with initial stroke severity (β=1.4350, p=0.0453). Furthermore, after adjusting covariates, presence of CHIP independently predicted the occurrence of hemorrhagic transformation (adjusted odds ratio [aOR]=7.261, 95% confidence interval [CI] 4.183-12.968, p<0.001) and functional disability after stroke (aOR=2.214, 95% CI 1.237-3.984, p=0.008). PP1MD was most strongly associated with the incident ischemic stroke, while DNMT3A was most highly related with a functional disability after stroke. Conclusion: CHIP was obviously increased in ischemic stroke patients. Furthermore, CHIP was significantly associated with stroke severity, hemorrhagic transformation, and functional disability at 90 days.

Post-stroke depression (PSD), a prevalent complication of stroke, causes poor outcomes. However, little is known about its prevalence and management among community-dwelling stroke survivors. Thus, we investigated the prevalence, awareness, and treatment of PSD in a community setting. A cross-sectional study was performed using representative data from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Surveys 2014, 2016, and 2018. A total of 11,122 participants aged ≥ 40 years were categorized, including 343 stroke survivors and 10,779 non-stroke survivors. We then calculated and compared the prevalence, awareness (formal diagnosis of depression by a doctor), and treatment rates of depression between the two groups. Depression was defined as a score ≥ 10 in the nine-item Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9). Depression was significantly more prevalent among stroke survivors than in non-stroke survivors (22.2% vs. 8.5%, respectively), while the differences in the awareness and treatment rates were insignificant. However, only 46.8% of stroke survivors with PSD were aware of their condition, and only 20.5% were receiving treatment. These results suggest that clinicians should more actively screen for and treat depression among stroke survivors.

<b><i>Introduction:</i></b> The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has led to changes in stroke patients’ healthcare use. This study evaluated changes in Korean stroke patients’ health-seeking behaviors and stroke care services using data from the Korean Stroke Registry (KSR). <b><i>Methods:</i></b> We reviewed data from patients with acute stroke and transient ischemic attack (TIA) during 2019 (before COVID-19 period) and 2020 (COVID-19 period). Outcomes included patient characteristics, time from stroke onset to hospital arrival, and in-hospital stroke pathways. Subgroup analyses were performed for an epidemic region (Daegu city and Gyeongsangbuk-do region, the D-G region). <b><i>Results:</i></b> The study included 1,792 patients from the pre-COVID-19 period and 1,555 patients from the COVID-19 period who visited hospitals that contribute to the KSR. During the COVID-19 period, the D-G region had two-thirds the number of cases (vs. the pre-CO­VID-19 period) and a significant decrease in the proportion of patients with TIA (9.97%–2.91%). Unlike other regions, the median onset-to-door time increased significantly in the D-G region (361 min vs. 526.5 min, <i>p</i> = 0.016), and longer onset-to-door times were common for patients with mild symptoms and who were in their 60s or 70s. The number of patients who underwent intravenous thrombolysis also decreased during the COVID-19 period, although the treatment times were not significantly different between the 2 periods. <b><i>Discussion/Conclusion:</i></b> Korean stroke patients in a CO­VID-19 epidemic region exhibited distinct changes in health-seeking behaviors. Appropriate triage system and public education regarding the importance of early treatment are needed during the COVID-19 pandemic.