A fundamental question in the theory of psychobiological adaptation and specifically of sports training is the problem of how adaptation to sports performance demands occurs as a consequence of systematic exercise. In this position paper, we review some results of our previous and current research conducted on several different levels of exercise-induced effects. Based on these results, we contend that the control of psychobiological systems during exercise is constraints based. Constraints direct the flow of behavioral changes on a rugged metastable landscape. Such adaptive behavior is soft-assembled, consisting of context-sensitive cooperative configurations of system components that dwell on different time scales.

Background: Endogenous triggers such as voluntary breath-holding induce various cardiovascular responses typically including modification of blood CO 2. During dynamic exercise these responses may have a negative impact on performance or may associate with cardiovascular risk subjects. Therefore, we hypothesized that voluntary breathing tests induce changes in cardiovascular (CV) oxygenation that lead to cardiovascular-functional changes, measured by a complex of integrated cardiovascular parameters and their interactions. So the aim of the study was to determine the impact of the voluntary breath-holding on changes and interplay of cardiac and peripheral parameters. Method: 18 girls (average age: 23.4 ± 1.3 years) performed 2 voluntary breath-holdings to failure, with a 5 min rest. Cardiac functional parameters were recorded using the electrocardiogram (ECG) analysis system "Kaunas-load". The blood flow in the calf was determined by venous occlusion plethysmography. Near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) was used for non-invasive monitoring of oxygen saturation in tissues (StO 2). Results: Throughout the first breath-holding, heart rate (HR) increased from 89.5 ± 3.9 bpm to 107.6 ± 4.2 bpm (P<0.05). The ECG JT interval decreased at the onset of breath-holdings, the intervals ratio (JT/RR) increased (P<0.05), and the ST-segment depression was not altered significantly. Arterial blood flow (ABF) was reduced from 3.5 ± 0.47 mL/100 mL/min to 1.64 ± 0.38 mL/100 mL/min (P<0.05) at the end of the first breath-holding. The StO 2 of the calf muscles decreased during both breath-holdings. Within 60 s of recovery time, StO 2 exceeded baseline 9.5% (P<0.05). Conclusion: Breath-holding impact changes in the systemic (central) circulation and caused significant peripheral changes, i.e., decrease in arterial blood flow and oxygen saturation. The most essential alteration occurred between the HR and arterial blood pressure (ABP) parameters. The strongest interaction observed between HR and ABP, and in calf muscles-between ABF and StO 2 .

Abstract. The aim of this study was to complement an analytical approach by new methodology of data sequences analysis of muscular and cardiovascular indices

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