Plants, compared to animals, exhibit an amazing adaptability and plasticity in their development. This is largely dependent on the ability of plants to form new organs, such as lateral roots, leaves, and flowers during postembryonic development. Organ primordia develop from founder cell populations into organs by coordinated cell division and differentiation. Here, we show that organ formation in Arabidopsis involves dynamic gradients of the signaling molecule auxin with maxima at the primordia tips. These gradients are mediated by cellular efflux requiring asymmetrically localized PIN proteins, which represent a functionally redundant network for auxin distribution in both aerial and underground organs. PIN1 polar localization undergoes a dynamic rearrangement, which correlates with establishment of auxin gradients and primordium development. Our results suggest that PIN-dependent, local auxin gradients represent a common module for formation of all plant organs, regardless of their mature morphology or developmental origin.
Long-standing models propose that plant growth responses to light or gravity are mediated by asymmetric distribution of the phytohormone auxin 1 -3 . Physiological studies implicated a specific transport system that relocates auxin laterally, thereby effecting differential growth 4 ; however, neither the molecular components of this system nor the cellular mechanism of auxin redistribution on light or gravity perception have been identified. Here, we show that auxin accumulates asymmetrically during differential growth in an efflux-dependent manner. Mutations in the Arabidopsis gene PIN3, a regulator of auxin efflux, alter differential growth. PIN3 is expressed in gravity-sensing tissues, with PIN3 protein accumulating predominantly at the lateral cell surface. PIN3 localizes to the plasma membrane and to vesicles that cycle in an actin-dependent manner. In the root columella, PIN3 is positioned symmetrically at the plasma membrane but rapidly relocalizes laterally on gravity stimulation. Our data indicate that PIN3 is a component of the lateral auxin transport system regulating tropic growth. In addition, actin-dependent relocalization of PIN3 in response to gravity provides a mechanism for redirecting auxin flux to trigger asymmetric growth.Plants orientate their growth with respect to the direction of light (phototropism) or gravity (gravitropism)1 . As early as 1926 a widely accepted model for plant tropisms, the Cholodny -Went hypothesis, was presented 2 . It proposes differential distribution of the plant hormone auxin in lateral direction on gravity or light stimulation. Subsequently, different auxin levels elicit differential growth rates, which ultimately lead to bending of the shoot or root 3 . Visualization of asymmetrically distributed auxin response in gravistimulated tobacco stems 5 and Arabidopsis roots 6 experimentally supported this hypothesis. Polar auxin transport represent a plausible means of lateral auxin distribution, as its chemical inhibition affects differential growth responses such as tropisms and apical hook formation 7,8 . Physiologically characterized components of polar auxin transport are cellular efflux carriers, whose polar localization within cells is thought to determine the direction of auxin flux 9 . The recently identified PIN genes of Arabidopsis appear to encode essential components of these carriers 7 . A role of PIN2 in regulation of basipetal auxin transport and gravitropism in root 6,10,11 as well as a role of PIN1 in basipetal auxin transport in the stem have been reported 12 ; however, so far the molecular basis of shoot tropic responses remains elusive. Lateral auxin transport with a specific, laterally localized auxin efflux carrier was proposed 4 to explain the exchange of auxin between vasculature, where the main basipetal auxin stream occurs 13 , and peripheral tissues controlling elongation 14 . Nevertheless the lack of any molecular data supporting this concept still leaves the existence of such a system in question.We analysed the relationship between auxi...
Lateral roots originate deep within the parental root from a small number of founder cells at the periphery of vascular tissues and must emerge through intervening layers of tissues. We describe how the hormone auxin, which originates from the developing lateral root, acts as a local inductive signal which re-programmes adjacent cells. Auxin induces the expression of a previously uncharacterized auxin influx carrier LAX3 in cortical and epidermal cells directly overlaying new primordia. Increased LAX3 activity reinforces the auxin-dependent induction of a selection of cell-wall-remodelling enzymes, which are likely to promote cell separation in advance of developing lateral root primordia.
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