No abstract

Nanorészecskék-múlt, jelen, jövő Nanoparticles ̶ past, present, future Összefoglalás Nanorészecskék, kvantum pontok, nanocsövek. Manapság gyakran hallott fogalmak, az új típusú, igen apró részecskék meghatározására. Vajon miért is különlegesek ezek az anyagok? Irodalmi áttekintésünkben igyekszünk választ adni erre a kérdésre, illetve röviden bemutatjuk a nanorészecskék felhasználási területeit és a jövő lehetőségeit. Ki kívánunk térni ezeknek az anyagoknak bizonyos biológiai hatásaira, esetleges toxikus tulajdonságaira. A nanoanyagok felhasználási területe naponta növekszik, az ipar, az elektronika igen széles köre alkalmaz ilyen anyagokat valamilyen módon, jelen írásunkban azonban igyekszünk az orvosi, biológiai és élelmiszeripari felhasználási területekre koncentrálni. Mint látni fogjuk, ezeknek az új típusú anyagoknak számos, a hagyományos, nagyobb méretű partikuláktól eltérő tulajdonsága van, több ilyen tulajdonság sok előnnyel kecsegtet a jövőbeni felhasználás tekintetében. A legfontosabb sajátosság talán az extrém nagy felület-tömeg arány, a többi nano-specifikus tulajdonság jó része is erre vezethető vissza. Amint a kísérletek kimutatták, bizonyos mérettartomány alatt az anyagok fizikai-kémiai tulajdonságai már inkább függenek a partikula méretétől, mint annak a kémiai összetételétől. Ebből fa-Közegészségügy-Összefoglaló Közlemény / Public Health-Review Article 17 Egészségtudomány / Health Science 2020. 1-2. kadóan, az anyagok biológiai aktivitása a nano méretű részecskék esetén nem feltétlenül egyezik meg, sőt sok esetben nagy különbségeket mutat a kémiailag egyező, de nagyobb részecskék tulajdonságaihoz képest. Így fontos aláhúzni, hogy további kutatások szükségesek különösen azoknál a nanoanyagoknál, amelyeket terápiás vagy diagnosztikai céllal kívánnak élő szervezetekben alkalmazni, illetve olyan anyagok esetében, amelyeket az élelmiszeriparban használnak vagy kívánnak használni a jövőben.

Metal fume fever (MFF) is a work-related disease caused by the inhalation of metal particles, including zinc oxide. Chronic asthma may develop as a long-term consequence of exposure, particularly for welders and metal workers who are most at risk. In this study, we investigated the effects of ZnO fume inhalation on multiple inflammation-related cytokine- and cytokine receptor genes in mice from lung and lymph node samples, to explore the role of these in the pathogenesis of MFF. In our experiments, the animals were treated with a sub-toxic amount of ZnO fume for 4 hours a day for 3 consecutive days. Sampling occurred 3 and 12 hours post-treatment. We are the first to demonstrate that ZnO inhalation causes extremely increased levels of IL-17f gene expression at both sampling time points, in addition to increased gene expression rates of several other interleukins and cytokines, such as IL-4, IL-13, CXCL5, CSF-3, and IFN-γ. Our animal experiment provides new insights into the immunological processes of early metal fume fever development. IL-17f plays a crucial role in connecting immunological and oxidative stress events. The increased levels of IL-4 and IL-13 cytokines may explain the development of long-term allergic asthma after exposure to ZnO nanoparticles, which is well-known among welders, smelters, and metal workers.

The most important welding processes used are the Gas Metal Arc (GMA) welding, the Tungsten Inert Gas (TIG) welding, and the Manual Metal Arc (MMA) welding processes. The goal of our investigation was to monitor the distribution of iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), calcium (Ca) and magnesium (Mg) in the lung, spleen, liver, and kidney of mice after inhalation exposure of different welding methods using different steel base materials. The treatment groups were the following: MMA-mild steel, MMA-molybdenummanganese (MoMn) alloy, TIG-mild steel, and TIG-stainless steel. The samples were taken 24-and 96 hours after the treatments.Most importantly, it was found that the Mn concentration in the lung' samples of the MMA-mild steel and the MMA-MoMn groups was increased extremely at both sampling times and in the spleen' samples also.In the TIG groups, the rise of the Mn concentration was only considerable in the lungs and spleens at 24h, and emerged concentration was found in the liver in 96h samples.Histopathology demonstrated emerged siderin content in the spleens of the treated animals and in siderin lled macrophages in the lungs mostly in all treated groups. Traces of high-level glycogen retention was found in the MMA groups at both sampling times. Similar glycogen retention in TIG-Ms and TIG stainless group's liver samples and emerged number of vacuoles, especially in the hepatocytes of the TIG-stainless steel 96h group were also found.The mentioned results raise the consequence that there is a considerable difference in the kinetics of the Mn distribution between the MMA-and the TIG-fume treated groups. Hence, the result suggests that manganese has a particle-size dependent toxico-kinetics property. The anomaly of the glycogen metabolism indicates the systemic effect of the welding fumes. Also, the numerous vacuoles mentioned above show a possible liver-speci c adverse effect of some components of the TIG-stainless steel welding fumes.

The most important welding processes used are the Gas Metal Arc (GMA) welding, the Tungsten Inert Gas (TIG) welding, and the Manual Metal Arc (MMA) welding processes. The goal of our investigation was to monitor the distribution of iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), calcium (Ca) and magnesium (Mg) in the lung, spleen, liver, and kidney of mice after inhalation exposure of different welding methods using different steel base materials. The treatment groups were the following: MMA-mild steel, MMA-molybdenum-manganese (MoMn) alloy, TIG-mild steel, and TIG-stainless steel. The samples were taken 24- and 96 hours after the treatments.Most importantly, it was found that the Mn concentration in the lung’ samples of the MMA-mild steel and the MMA-MoMn groups was increased extremely at both sampling times and in the spleen’ samples also. In the TIG groups, the rise of the Mn concentration was only considerable in the lungs and spleens at 24h, and emerged concentration was found in the liver in 96h samples. Histopathology demonstrated emerged siderin content in the spleens of the treated animals and in siderin filled macrophages in the lungs mostly in all treated groups. Traces of high-level glycogen retention was found in the MMA groups at both sampling times. Similar glycogen retention in TIG-Ms and TIG stainless group’s liver samples and emerged number of vacuoles, especially in the hepatocytes of the TIG-stainless steel 96h group were also found.The mentioned results raise the consequence that there is a considerable difference in the kinetics of the Mn distribution between the MMA- and the TIG-fume treated groups. Hence, the result suggests that manganese has a particle-size dependent toxico-kinetics property. The anomaly of the glycogen metabolism indicates the systemic effect of the welding fumes. Also, the numerous vacuoles mentioned above show a possible liver-specific adverse effect of some components of the TIG-stainless steel welding fumes.