UÏld and domestic Triatoma b+stans from the Cochabamba region of Bolivia were virtually identical at 19 gene loci coding for enzymes. ìio allele \,.as distinctive of either the wild or the domestic populations. Hence, there is no evidence that the 2 populations are different species. Domestic populations separated by 20 km shoL%.ed statistically significant ' differences in allelic frequencies: this is compatible' with the hypothesis of other authors that migrations of T. iq'2stans are limited Ghen feeding conditions are satisfactory. Fifteen trypanosomatid stocks isolated from wild T. i?zJ>:taiis \,.ere shown by isozyme analysis to be Tr$anosonia rruri. This provides evidence that wild T. i+staizs are involved in the Chagas' disease cycle. The T. crui isozymic strains from wild T. infpjtans were genetically similar to those isolated from domestic T. i+vtans in the same region. Thissupports the hypothesis that there is no speciation between wild and domestic T. injjtai::. and that wild and domestic T. crud cycles may overlap in this region.

In Bolivia, no studies have been carried out specifically on hepatitis viruses. Thus, their prevalence and circulation patterns are virtually unknown. A seroepidemiologic study was performed from 1992 to 1996 to generate a preliminary idea of the overall prevalence of infection from hepatitis B, C, D, and E viruses (HBV, HCV, HDV, and HEV, respectively) in different Bolivian population groups. Prompted by the data obtained in other areas of Latin America, the study focused on indigenous communities in the Amazon region. In rural areas of the high Andean plateau, HBV infection showed an overall prevalence compatible with medium to low endemicity (11.2%), and no carriers of HCV or HDV antibodies were found. In two high-risk groups in the city of Cochabamba (homeless children and sexual workers), the prevalence of HBV infection was similar (11.6%) and could be considered low by comparison to that of similar population groups in Latin American urban centers. The prevalence of HCV (one positive case, or 0.5%) was similar to that found in similar population groups, although the small number of samples precludes drawing more definite conclusions. As has been noted previously with similar communities in tropical areas of South America, HBV infection is highly endemic in indigenous populations of the Bolivian Amazon (with an overall prevalence of 74.0%), but circulation of HCV has not been detected. It is a well-known fact that HBV is horizontally transmitted and that transmission can take place very early in life, but the mechanisms involved are unknown. By 10 years of age, more than half the population has already had the natural infection that, in approximately 10 more years will have affected virtually the entire population. The very low rate of positivity to HBsAg (1.6%), the absence of viral DNA in samples showing isolated positivity to anti-HBc, and the high prevalence of anti-HBs among individuals who show markers for natural infection (92.4%) suggest vertical transmission plays no role in persistent endemicity. So far, no outbreak of HDV infection has been documented in these communities, but the high endemicity shown by HBV points to the possibility of future outbreaks. Results obtained with tests for the detection of antibodies against HEV suggest that this virus is circulating widely in Bolivia and that it could have caused recent outbreaks in Cochabamba state. Vaccination against HBV in endemic populations is recommended as a short-term measure. Also recommended are actively searching for outbreaks and sporadic cases of hepatitis E in the entire country and performing additional research that will help in assessing the public health consequences of the situation described in this article.

Summary Variation in the IL4 gene has been associated with parastic infections, but has not been studied in Bolivians infected with Trypanosoma cruzi. Our results suggest that variation at IL4 influences susceptibility to T. cruzi infection in Bolivians.