Like all working classes everywhere and at all times, the Russian working class on the eve of the revolution was internally differentiated. As Diane Koenker and William Rosenberg have recently emphasized, Russian workers were distinguished from one another by skill level, strength of ties to the land, gender, age and other factors. And those distinctions mattered: they affected the form and intensity of workers’ anti-regime actions which extended from reluctant submission to un-rehearsed rebellion, to organized political protest.

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This collective work is devoted to town life in "Kazan' Povolzh'ie," a geographic area that now makes up the republics of Tatarstan, Chuvashiia, and Mari-El. It charts new territory in a much broader sense than a mere geographic one, however. Historical studies devoted to towns have been narrowly statistical, and ethnographers have largely ignored the subject. By employing sources used by both historians and ethnographers, A.