The purpose of this study was to examine the structure of negative mood states among young adolescents. Students aged 11–15 years from a secondary school in Melbourne, Australia, completed the Depression, Anxiety, Stress Scales (DASS) [Lovibond, S. H., & Lovibond, P. F. (1996). Depression anxiety stress scales. Sydney: The Psychology Foundation of Australia Inc.]. Confirmatory factor analyses (CFA) failed to find support for a three‐factor model. Further analyses suggested that items from the DASS were best represented by two factors, namely a generalized negativity factor and a factor comprising items indicating physiological arousal.

Swinburne Research Bankhttp://researchbank.swinburne.edu.au Currie, M. R., Cunningham, E. G., Findlay, B. M. (2004). The short internalized homonegativity scale: examination of the factorial structure of a new measure of internalized homophobia AbstractThe purpose of the study was to develop a short measure of internalized homophobia (IH), one that reflected contemporary attitudes toward homosexuality and included items designed to assess the domain of sexual comfort with gay men, a domain which has been notably absent from other measures of IH. The Short Internalized Homonegativity Scale (SIHS) was informed by Ross and Rosser's (1996) Reactions to Homosexuality Scale (RHS) and the contention that currently available measures of IH were outdated in their assessment of the construct and/or failed to assess its covert manifestations. A geographically diverse sample of gay men completed an online questionnaire (N = 1305) and the 677 respondents from the USA formed the sample for the study. Confirmatory factor analyses supported a single higher-order construct of IH comprising the lower order factors of Public Identification as Gay, Sexual Comfort with Gay Men, and Social Comfort with Gay Men.

The aim of the current study was to examine how bullying by peers relates to self-esteem, school connectedness and motivation for academic success in an Australian high school. Questionnaires were completed by 975 students across years 7 to 12. As predicted, male students were subjected to more direct forms of bullying than female students. However, contrary to expectations, there were no significant differences between males and females in their reported experience of indirect forms of bullying. Also, students in the lower year levels of high school reported being bullied more frequently than students in high year levels. Findings supported predictions that students who were bullied by their peers at school tended to report having lower levels of self-esteem, feeling less connected to their peers, teachers and school, and being less motivated to perform well at school. These results may have implications for school-based intervention programs that are designed to reduce bullying behaviours.

Predisposition to BD can be usefully understood in terms of two reciprocally related dimensions of vulnerability (T-Depression and T-Mania), which can be separated on the basis of their personality correlates.

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