A trial embankment 6 m high was built on peat in the Netherlands, and brought to failure. The aim was to test whether innovative sensor technology could detect incipient failure in time. However, the data generated also made it possible to conduct a geotechnical assessment of stability. The paper discusses the relation between the parameters derived from laboratory tests, field measurements and behaviour observed in the field. Problems encountered in the standard triaxial testing of peat samples are discussed, as the samples tend to fail in tension. A trial pit through the failed embankment showed that there were wide tension cracks in the peat layer, indicating that the peat layer failed in tension, at least locally. However, horizontal movement dominates the overall failure mechanism. As an alternative to triaxial testing, direct simple shear (DSS) testing for the assessment of peat parameters is considered. The results of the DSS tests correspond well with field measurements and the back-analysis of the failure.
A simple and effective model is presented for the calculation of the compression of non-brittle soft clays and peat. It is based on a unique relationship between stress, strain and creep strain rate. It combines features of existing models in an eclectic fashion and some new features. The treatment of unload–reload behaviour is unique to this model, as is the use of natural strain. A new measure—intrinsic time— is introduced to describe creep. The constitutive behaviour is combined with hydraulic storage and flow in a finite strain consolidation equation. A simplified derivation of the finite strain equation is presented. The model is shown to fit accurately the entire stress—strain—time response of a soft organic clay and a peat subjected to incremental loading oedometer tests. Some special effects of the model are shown. L'article présente un modèle effectif simple permettant de calculer la consolidation déargiles molles non friables et de tourbe. Ce modèle est fondé sur une relation contrainte déformationvitesse de fluage tout à fait particulière. Il combine, de manière éclectique, certaines caractéristiques des modèles préexistants è de nouvelles caractéristiques. Le traaement du comportement en déchargement–rechargement ainsi que la prise en compte de la déformation naturelle sont particuliers à ce modèle. Une nouvelle variable, appelée temps intrinsèque, est introduite pour décrire le fluage. Le comportement constitutif est associé au coefficient d&quo;emmagasinement et au débit hydraulique par l’intermédaire déune équation de consolidation à déformation fine. Une dérivation simplifiée de cette équation est proposée. Le modèle montre un bon ajustement avec la réponse contrainte– d6formation–temps d’une argile molle organique ou d’une tourbe soumise à des essais oedomé triques avec pas de chargement. Certains résultats particuliers à cc modèle sont présentés.
A large direct simple shear device has been developed for the testing of peat at low normal stress. The large size allows adequate representation of the often coarse structure of peat, increases the accuracy with which small loads can be applied and diminishes device resistances to acceptably small proportions. A plane strain configuration between glass plates is used, allowing observation of the deformation field as it develops. The sample is gripped by pins along all four in-plane boundaries to reduce slippage during shear. Interesting results have been obtained in an initial series of tests. Strengths appear to be some 10% higher than those in standard simple shear tests on smalldiameter samples, while the post-peak softening often measured in the latter appears to be lacking.
The Paper presents a generalized power formulation of specific volume as a function of stress which describes the virgin compression of a wide range of soils. In its simplest form this reduces to Butter-field's natural compression law. Natural soils exhibiting brittle behaviour, such as cemented or leached clays, can also be formulated in terms of the generalized power relationship, in which applied vertical effective stress is reduced by an amount reflecting the degree of bonding or leaching. At large stress, the soil becomes destructured, and response converges to that of a non-brittle soil. The generalized formulation allows a distinction between the effects of brittle and non-brittle components of structure. It is indicated that non-brittle structure may exist in some clays and that cemented Canadian clays possess pronounced brittle and non-brittle properties. Parameters of the generalized power relationship describing intrinsic and non-brittle behaviour are correlated with liquid limit water content. It appears that a unique family of curves exists in volume versus stress space, for both remoulded and natural, non-brittle soils. The correlations support earlier observations that at the liquid limit, remoulded clays in a normally consolidated state of one-dimensional compression experience a major principal effective stress of 6-3 kPa. The virgin compression of granular soils, peats and Mexico City clay is considered. L'article présente une formulation généralisée de puissance de volume pour décrire la compression vierge d'une large gamme de sols. Des sols naturels de comportement cassant, par exemple, des argiles cimentées ou lessivées peuvent se représenter sous l'aspect de la relation généralisée de puissance dans laquelle la contrainte verticale effective appliquée est réduite par une valeur qui exprime le degré de liaison ou de lessivage. Avec des contraintes élevées le sol commence à perdre sa structure et la réponse se rapproche de celle d'un sol non-cassant. La formulation généralisée permet une differentiation entre les effets des composantes cassantes et non-cassantes de la structure. L'article indique qu'une structure non-cassante peut exister dans de certaines argiles et aussi que les argiles cimentées canadiennes possèdent en même temps des propriétés cassantes et non-cassantes. Ces paramètres de la relation généralisée de puissance qui décrivent les comportements intrinsèque et non-cassant sont fonctionale à la teneur en eau à la limite de liquidité. Il apparaît qu'une famille unique de courbes existe dans l'espace volume/contrainte tant pour les sols remariés que pour les sols naturels non-cassants. A la limite de liquidité les argiles remain-lées dans un état normalement consolidé de compression unidimensionnelle subissent une contrainte principale effective de 6\3 kPa. Ce fait est utilisé pour mettre les paramètres de la formulation de la compression de puissance en rapport avec la limite de liquidité. L'article discute aussi la compression vierge des sols granulaires, des tourbes et de l'argile de la ville de Mexico.
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