No abstract

In the last decade, the idea of narrow-band tillage for row crops has gained not only material realization, but also a real estimated framework in terms of energy and resource saving. The article presents a variant of the working body for strip tillage, as the simplest and most reliable in construction, at the same time the most effective in terms of achieving the agrotechnical quality of the treated soil. The design of the non-power rotary working body is as follows. At the maximum approaching of two symmetric afrontal and needle disks inclined from the vertical to the crossing of their rolling planes, a zone of soil destruction due to a fixed shift is formed. In this zone, the needles of the first disk make a working stroke approximately perpendicular to the direction of movement, and the needles of the second disk make a similar movement in the opposite direction in the intervals of the needles of the first disk. The soil in this area is first pinched between the needles, then destroyed, including large lumps. To exclude wear on the tips of the needles and the unstable progress of the entire non-driven rotary working body, the manufacture of needles in the self-sharpening mode is proposed, the recommended operating modes are given. An optimal variant of using a non-driven rotary working body as part of the transformer “narrow-band tillage adapter - seeder” is also proposed, on which the adapter can be aggregated with any seeder for row crops.

The article studies the efficiency of the subsoil broadcast seeding of grain crops, which differs from other methods with the way seeds are placed into the soil: not in rows but on the whole distributing width. This method is also determined by the evenness of seeding depth by placing the seeds on the ready hard spot, which provides equal conditions of heat, light, water, food and gas supply that influence seed sprouting, seedling formation, tillering, shooting, head formation, earing, blossoming, kernel milk line formation, middle dough and fully ripe stage development. The analysis of coulter with active and passive distributors has been conducted. The use of air flow during the transportation of seeds from the sowing device to the coulter and the distributor oscillating process is recommended for the higher quality seed distribution below the spinning wheel. The oscillations of the elastic tube – distributor under the influence of the air-grain mixture have been theoretically studied. The obtained results allow creating dependency diagrams of oscillation frequency ω and damping parameter h. The experimental research has been made to study the evenness of seed distribution with the help of the coulter with the elastic tube – distributor.

Mankind has long been interested in the growth of plants, even in the Middle Ages, Leonardo da Vinci observed the seasonality of growth and some features of plant forms. In recent years, many agricultural producers have begun to implement a coordinate (precise) farming system. In this regard, there is a need to improve methods for assessing and managing the growth of agricultural crops. To assess the functioning of the system “plant - soil - air [[CHECK_DOUBLEQUOT_ENT]] (P-S-A), the concept of plant growth potential is introduced, which is the ratio of the power spent on the formation of a unit of vegetation mass. The paper considers the theoretical prerequisites for determining the growth potential. Since the operational management of the formation of the crop yield is an important task in crop production, the functioning of the P-S-A system during the growing season is proposed to be evaluated by dimensionless coefficients, which represent the ratio of the substance mastered by plants to the incoming one. The product of these coefficients in terms of light-heat-food-gas-and moisture supply represents the reliability of the P-S-A system, and allows you to evaluate and effectively manage the technological process of the growth of cultivated plants during the growing season.

Currently, most methods for assessing the content of harmful substances in the exhaust gases (EG) of diesel internal combustion engines (DICE) differ in research programs that simulate the most significant operating modes of a tractor or motor vehicle DICE in ordinary operating conditions. And to assess their toxicity, such different methods are used as a study under steady-state operating modes that ensure the constancy of the performance of a DICE, and its study under changing parameters in transient modes. DICE of tractors, self-propelled agricultural machines and other off-road equipment are tested at a stand equipped with a loading device and measuring instruments for monitoring tests and collecting data necessary for processing test results. Emissions are determined during the sequential operation of the DICE at steady-state modes. Each mode has its own weighting coefficient, which characterizes the contribution of this mode to environmental pollution during the operation of a DICE.