In today’s competitive environment, organizations, in addition to trying to improve their production conditions, have a special focus on their supply chain components. Cooperation between supply chain members always reduces unforeseen costs and speeds up the response to customer demand. In the new situation, according to the category of return products and their reprocessing, supply chains have found a closed-loop structure. In this research, the aim was to design a closed-loop supply chain in competitive conditions. For this purpose, the key decisions of this chain included locating retail centers, adjusting the inventory of chain members, and selling prices of final products, optimally determined. For this purpose, a nonlinear integer mathematical model is presented. One of the most important innovations of this research was considering the variable value for return products. Then, in order to solve the proposed model, a whale optimization algorithm was developed. Numerical results from the sample examples showed that the whale algorithm had a very good performance in terms of response quality and speed-of-action in finding the optimal solution to this problem.

Purpose: This study aimed to determine the legal terminology phenomenon in the context of modern legal system evolution.Methodology: In the present research different general scientific methods and ways of logical cognition are used. Analysis and synthesis methods were applied for the studying purpose of legal terminology entity and also its conversion to a legal terminological system. Result:On the basis of the Russian legal system periodization stages of the legal terminological system forming were marked out. In the present context the attention to logical and legal circumstances that directly influence emergence of legal terms is paid. These terms serve as premises for legal terminological systems appearing: need to express an entity of the new legal phenomenon or process; need for its language denomination, visualization, and, respectively, systematic conversion of a legal idea to legal standard. Evolution features of a legal terminological system in terms of its consecutive change occurring under the influence of two factors are investigated: terminological continuity and differentiation.Applications: This research can be used for the universities, teachers and education students. Novelty/Originality: In this research, the model of the legal terminology phenomenon in the context of modern legal system evolution is presented in a comprehensive and complete manner. |www.hssr.in © Turanin et al.strengthening of difference between elements of a legal terminological system based on a branch legal terminology and various terminological ranks and devices formation (Wise, E. M. (1990).). CONCLUSIONModern legal terminological system formation is going very fast, reflecting the growth rates the general trends of modern legal terminological system development connected with the annual increase in number of legal acts. Most likely, it is necessary to speak about correctness of such high-speed way with some reservation as the quantity of the introduced terminological innovations not always demonstrates increase, or at least preservation, qualities of the legal text. It is logical to assume that legal terminological system formation has to go on an evolution basis: subject to time, but taking into account already-existing experience.

The article presents the genesis of the origins of forming the legal mechanisms to protect the personal dignity in the European legal culture. It is noted that the legal content of dignity is predetermined by the moral aspect of consideration. In addition, the definition of "dignity" was transformed under the influence of the development of legal norms, doctrine and practice of protecting a person's rights and freedoms, the foundations of civil society and legal awareness. The chronological period of research was limited to the XIII-XIX centuries, within which the authors, using a comparative legal method, defined the directions of conceptualization and formalization of the personal dignity by scientists and legislation in the European countries. As a conclusion, it is shown that the observance of the right to personal dignity by the state will not only promote the exaltation of human dignity, but also simultaneously initiate the expansion of public law compensated by increasing the subjective rights.

Given article takes into consideration the approaches to the disclosure of the ownership rights content existing in different legal systems. The idea of disclosing the ownership rights content through a specific set of owner's powers exists in the legal systems of various countries. In this case, the number of legal powers may differ, as well as an understanding of each of them. The triad of owner's powers (possession, use, disposal), enshrined in the laws of Russia and a number of other countries, is analyzed in details. The views regarding the construction of a theoretical model of the content of ownership rights were expressed.

Purpose: The article is devoted to the comparative analysis of norms of the constitutions of the countries of Eastern Europe in connection with the identification in them of the principles of the judiciary, enshrined in the special sections on the rights and freedoms of man and citizen. Methodology: The study was based on the dialectical approach to the disclosure of legal phenomena and processes using general scientific (system, logical, analysis and synthesis) and private scientific methods. Among the latter are formal legal, legal linguistics, comparative-legal, which were collectively used to identify the principles of the judiciary. Result: As a result, the author substantiates the framework constitutional approach of conjugation in the formalization of subjective rights with their guarantees of implementation by the judiciary on the basis of the principles established for them. Among the latest principles are the following: independent and unbiased court, universal and procedural equality in judicial; presumption of innocence; publicity of court proceeding and pronouncement of a verdict. The studied constitutional provisions also reveal other principles of the judiciary, which were solitary instances of the claimed combination with subjective rights, but did not receive a consistent mass distribution. Applications: This research can be used for universities, teachers, and students. Novelty/Originality: In this research, the model of the Humanitarian Context of the Principles of the Judiciary in the Constitutions of the Countries of Eastern Europe is presented in a comprehensive and complete manner.