The liberalization of the energy sector, the spreading adoption of digital information and telecommunication technologies, decentralization, and expansion of RES-based distributed generation provide broader development opportunities for technology entrepreneurship in the industry. Nevertheless, the energy sector remains one of the "least entrepreneurial" industries of the global economy-both by number of corporate innovations and by number of independent startups. Having summarized a corpus of theoretical research and the results of a survey of energy experts, the authors were able to describe fields of applications and key barriers to the development of technology entrepreneurship in the industry and at a corporate level. On the basis of an analysis of the experience of US and British energy companies, the authors propose typical models of technology entrepreneurship and schemes of resource interaction among energy companies, consumers of new products and services, universities, developers and investors in the course of implementation of breakthrough projects. The results of the study and the authors' recommendations can be used by energy companies creating corporate mechanisms of technology entrepreneurship, as well as by government agencies and universities for the development of the innovation infrastructure of the energy sector.
The implementation of intelligent engineering infrastructure in cities necessitates the involvement of a large number of various innovative organizations. The experience of pioneer smart cities and global companies that are developing smart technologies shows that the key role in that process is played by technology entrepreneurs, i.e., a community of innovators who are capable of rapidly creating breakthrough solutions, launching them into the market, adopting and commercializing them. This study analyzes the theoretical features and current essential tasks of tech entrepreneurship as a business phenomenon and ways and means for technology entrepreneurship by corporations and independent start-ups. Exploring the case of the energy sector in smart cities which presents a growing market for technology solutions, the authors reveal the structure of the main segments of technology entrepreneurship, including electric vehicles and charging infrastructure, smart metering, telemetering, demand side management, distributed generation and micro-grids. Examples are described of tech entrepreneurship projects that were implemented by energy and telecom companies with the purpose of making urban energy smarter and more sustainable.
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