Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA reductase inhibitors play a role in nitric oxide synthesis. In this study, the impact of simvastatin (SV) on the levels of nitric oxide synthases, and arginine (Arg) and its derivatives was evaluated in rat liver under ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) conditions. Rats received SV (25 mg/kg) (groups S and S-IR) or saline solution (groups C and C-IR) intragastrically for 21 days. The livers of groups C and S were homogenized after treatment while those of groups C-IR and S-IR underwent ischemia and reperfusion before homogenization. Endothelial (eNOS) and inducible (iNOS) nitric oxide synthase concentrations were determined in the homogenates. Alanine and asparagine aminotransferase (ALT, AST, respectively), arginine (Arg), and asymmetric (ADMA) and symmetric (SDMA) methylarginine levels were determined in the blood before I/R and during reperfusion. I/R injury produced significant increases in aminotransferase, ADMA, eNOS, and iNOS, but decreases in Arg and Arg/ADMA levels. Arg concentration increased significantly after warm ischemia in the S-IR group, but decreased significantly during the first 30 minutes of reperfusion in both the S-IR and C-IR groups. eNOS concentration was significantly higher in group S than in group C. Both I/R and SV exerted no influence on SDMA concentration. SV exerted a protective action by increasing eNOS levels under normal conditions and Arg levels after ischemia and by preventing a significant increase in iNOS concentration after I/R. SV had no effect on ADMA concentration under normal and pathological conditions.

IntroductionIschemia/reperfusion (I/R) is considered to be one of the main causes of liver damage after transplantation. The authors evaluated the effect of ezetimibe on selected oxidative stress parameters in ischemic/reperfused (I/R) rat liver.Material and methodsRats were administered ezetimibe (5 mg/kg) (groups E and E-I/R) or saline solution (groups C and C-I/R) intragastrically for 21 days. Livers of animals in groups C-I/R and E-I/R were subjected to 60 min of partial ischemia (left lateral and median lobes) followed by 4 h of reperfusion. Alanine and asparagine aminotransferase (ALT, AST) activity was determined in blood before I/R and during reperfusion (at 15 and 240 min). After the reperfusion period, malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione (GSH) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) were determined in liver homogenates using colorimetric methods.ResultsEzetimibe caused a significant increase in GSH level in groups subjected to I/R (E-I/R (99.91 ±9.01) vs. C-I/R (90.51 ±8.87), p < 0.05). Additionally, under I/R the decrease of GPx activity in the drug-treated group was lower compared to the non-treated group (E-I/R (3.88 ±1.11) vs. E (5.31 ±1.83), p = 0.076). Neither ezetimibe nor I/R affected SOD or MDA levels. I/R produced a significant increase in aminotransferase levels (ALT240-0: C-I/R (42.23 ±43.56) vs. C (9.75 ±11.09), and E-I/R (39.85 ±26.53) vs. E (4.38 ±1.36), p < 0.05 in both cases; AST 240-0: E-I/R (53.87 ±17.23) vs. E (24.10 ±9.66), p < 0.05) but no effect of ezetimibe on those enzymes was found.ConclusionsEzetimibe demonstrates antioxidant properties in rat livers subjected to I/R. However, neither a hepatoprotective nor a hepatotoxic effect of ezetimibe was demonstrated, regardless of I/R.

, et al.. Influence of water-soluble flavonoids: Quercetin5'-sulfonic acid sodium salt and morin-5'-sulfonic acid sodium salt on antioxidant parameters in the subacute cadmium intoxication mouse model. Experimental and Toxicologic Pathology, Elsevier, 2010, 62 (2) Cite this article as: Ewa Chlebda, Jan Magdalan, Anna Merwid-La Rd, Małgorzata Trocha, Maria Kopacz, Anna Kuźniar, Dorota Nowak and Adam Szela R g, Influence of water-soluble flavonoids: Quercetin-5'-sulfonic acid sodium salt and morin-5'-sulfonic acid sodium salt on antioxidant parameters in the subacute cadmium intoxication mouse model, Experimental and Toxicologic Pathology (2009), doi:10.1016/j.etp.2009 This is a PDF file of an unedited manuscript that has been accepted for publication. As a service to our customers we are providing this early version of the manuscript. The manuscript will undergo copyediting, typesetting, and review of the resulting galley proof before it is published in its final citable form. Please note that during the production process errors may be discovered which could affect the content, and all legal disclaimers that apply to the journal pertain. Water-soluble quercetin-5'-sulfonic acid sodium salt (NaQSA) and morin-5'-sulfonic acid sodium salt (NaMSA) could exert an antagonistic effect on cadmium intoxication. The aim of the study was to examine the influence of these substances on superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione (GSH) levels in the mouse liver in the subacute cadmium intoxication model. NaQSA and NaMSA signicificantly counteracted cadmium-induced decreases in SOD and GSH levels. No significant differences in SOD and GSH levels between groups exposed to cadmium receiving NaQSA or/and NaMSA were observed.

Cyclophosphamide (CPX) is an anticancer drug with immunosuppressive properties. Its adverse effects are partly connected to the induction of oxidative stress. Some studies indicate that water-soluble derivative of morin-morin-5'-sulfonic acid sodium salt (NaMSA) exhibits strong antioxidant activity. The aim of present study was to evaluate the effect of NaMSA on CPX-induced changes in oxido-redox state in rat. Experiment was carried out on Wistar rats divided in three experimental groups (N = 12) receiving: 0.9% saline, CPX (15 mg/kg) or CPX (15 mg/kg) + NaMSA (100 mg/kg), respectively, and were given intragastrically for 10 days. Malondialdehyde (MDA) and glutathione (GSH) concentrations and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity were determined in liver and kidneys. Catalase (CAT) activity was assessed only in liver. Treatment with CPX resulted in significant decrease in MDA level in both tissues, which was completely reversed by NaMSA treatment only in liver. In comparison to the control group significant decrease in SOD activity were observed in both tissues of CPX receiving group. In kidneys this parameter was fully restored by NaMSA administration. CPX evoked significant decrease in GSH concentration in kidneys, which was completely reversed by NaMSA treatment. No significant changes were seen in GSH levels and CAT activity between all groups in liver. Results of our study suggest that CPX may exert significant impact on oxido-redox state in both organs. NaMSA fully reversed the CPX-induced changes, especially MDA level in liver, SOD activity and GSH concentration in kidneys and it may be done by enhancement of activity/concentration of endogenous antioxidants.

We evaluated the effect of simvastatin (SV) on the oxido-redox state in rat livers submitted to ischemia-reperfusion (I/R). Rats received SV (groups: S, S-IR) or saline solution (groups: C, C-IR) intragastrically (25 mg/kg) for 21 days. Before homogenization, rat livers (C-IR, S-IR) underwent ischemia (40 min) and reperfusion (60 min). Activities of such antioxidative enzymes as superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and catalase (CAT) as well as lipid peroxides (LPO) level as indicator of oxidative stress were then estimated in the homogenates. All these parameters were measured spectrophotometrically. Additionally, alanine and asparagine aminotransferase (ALT, AST) levels were estimated in the blood before and after I/R. In groups C and S all examined parameters were similar regardless of SV-treatment. I/R produced significant increases in GPx and CAT activities only in the C-IR group. Conversely, GPx activity was significantly decreased and ALT and AST increased significantly in the S-IR group. SV did not evoke any noticeable protective changes in rat livers after 3 weeks of treatment. After I/R, some of the observed properties could suggest that SV may have even made liver function and the oxidative state worse.