No abstract

There is a growing research interest in how sending states manage the emigration of health professionals. While the 'push' and 'pull' factors depict sending states as passive actors in this process, emergent studies are revealing them to be active actors with an articulated policy agenda. Using a variety of examples from the empirical literature, this paper identifies the multiple roles that sending states play in the emigration of doctors and nurses. The current findings contribute to the international migration literature in three ways. Firstly, this paper emphasizes that sending states are active actors in the health professional migration. Secondly, it shows that sending states adopt one of the three strategies: (1) introduce restrictive measures to delay the mobility of health professionals; (2) respond to market demands by producing and promoting emigration; and (3) implement a combination of these two strategies. Lastly, this paper highlights how sending states institutionalize gendered emigration through a bilateral cooperation in nurse migration. Missing from the extant literature are studies on competing beliefs, motivations, and technical information informing the strategies of sending states. This paper concludes by presenting a research agenda to further examine how and why sending states are active actors in the health professional migration.

Studies of regionalism-intra and comparative regionalism-have often used the European experience to explain the emergence and evolution of regionalisms in other parts of the world. This tendency in approaching the European experience as explanatory has permeated sector-specific developments. In this article, we consider the developments in higher education to examine the purported influence that Europe's Bologna Process has had on other regional initiatives.Taking the case of the Asian Universities Alliance (AUA), we delineate the narratives from the actors involved in this initiative to show how they initially perceived and conceptualised higher education cooperation in the Asia region.Applying Chou and Ravinet's (2015) higher education regionalism framework, we show how AUA actors designed higher education regionalism in Asia independent from Europe's influence. We conclude with the potential implications that AUA's emergence has for Europe, taking into consideration the growing influence of China in developing higher education regionalisms in Asia.

No abstract

Nurse migration is a significant global issue that necessitates the cooperation of host and sending states. Cooperation enables countries to collaborate on shared solutions to confront global nurse imbalance that threatens health systems. While cooperation allows countries to collaborate, some states are cautious to cooperate while others participate actively. This article examines the bilateral labor negotiations between the Philippines and the following host countries: Canadian provinces-Saskatchewan (2006), Manitoba and Alberta (2006-2008), and South Australia (2008-2009) to demonstrate how bilateral parties negotiate agreements in hiring Filipino nurses. Drawing from negotiation analysis, it argues that bilateral negotiations that fulfill two necessary conditions-(i) participation of nonpartisan technical expert and (ii) history of previous interactions-facilitate successful negotiations that ultimately lead to labor cooperation. This article concludes by explaining how negotiation analysis uncovers the advantage of labor-sending countries like the Philippines in successfully securing agreements that promote labor export to achieve economic growth.