The Fermi Large Area Telescope collaboration has recently reported on 50 months of measurements of the isotropic extragalactic gamma-ray background (EGRB) spectrum between 100 MeV and 820 GeV. Ultra-highenergy cosmic ray (UHECR) protons interact with the cosmic microwave background photons and produce cascade photons of energies 10 MeV-1 TeV that contribute to the EGRB flux. We examine seven possible evolution models for UHECRs and find that UHECR sources that evolve as the star formation rate (SFR), medium low luminosity active galactic nuclei type-1 (L=10 43.5 erg s −1 in the [0.5-2] KeV band), and BL Lacertae objects (BL Lacs) are the most acceptable given the constraints imposed by the observed EGRB. Other possibilities produce too much secondary γ-radiation. In all cases, the decaying dark matter (DM) contribution improves the fit at high energy, but the contribution of still unresolved blazars, which would leave the smallest role for decaying DM, may yet provide an alternative improvement. The possibility that the entire EGRB can be fitted with resolvable but not-yet-resolved blazars, as recently claimed by Ajello et al., would leave little room in the EGRB to accommodate γ-rays from extragalactic UHECR production, even for many source evolution rates that would otherwise be acceptable. We find that under the assumption of UHECRs being mostly protons, there is not enough room for producing extragalactic UHECRs with active galactic nucleus, gamma-ray burst, or even SFR source evolution. Sources that evolve as BL Lacs, on the other hand, would produce much less secondary γ-radiation and would remain a viable source of UHECRs, provided that they dominate.

Treatment with rosiglitazone reduced hyperinsulinemia and improved small artery elasticity with a tendency to improve large artery elasticity, in hypertensive and in normotensive patients. Because rosiglitazone improves insulin receptor sensitivity (IRS), it is logical to assume that the reduction in hyperinsulinemia reflects improvement in IRS. Our data support the hypothesis that hyperinsulinemia and IRS participate in the mechanisms of tissue injury and their improvement induces improvement in arterial elasticity.

It is suggested that essentially all of the UHECRs we detect, including those at the highest energy, originate in our Galaxy. It is shown that even if the density of sources decreases with Galactic radius, then the anisotropy and composition can be understood. Inward anisotropy, as recently reported by the Auger collaboration can be understood as drift along the current sheet of UHECRs originating outside the solar circle, as predicted in Kumar and Eichler (2014), while those originating within the solar circle exit the Galaxy at high latitudes.If the Galactic sources of UHECR are compact then UHECR emerging from a compact Galactic source may undergo photodissociation at the source. In this case, it is also necessary to consider concrete models of

We examined the influence of previous foraging success on foraging effort in the sheet web spider Frontinellina cf. frutetorum (Linyphiidae). Foraging effort was estimated via the spider's investment in web construction as indicated by web size. We manipulated previous foraging success by providing spiders with supplementary prey items for 2 days and subsequently removed the webs. Fed spiders were in a better condition than control spiders. However, in contrast to previous studies, supplemented spiders did not reduce their foraging effort. On the contrary, control spiders built smaller webs after web removal, while fed spiders did not reduce the size of their webs. Moreover, we found a positive relationship between spider body condition and web size. We suggest that high energetic demands of web construction as well as web longevity in sheet weavers results in a web-management strategy in which further investment in web size is a positive function of foraging success.