Iron Deficiency Anaemia which is reduced red blood cells due to iron deficiency had been reported to be a major challenge among Chronic Kidney Disease patients. The cause of anaemia in these patients is multifactorial, ranging from the inability of the kidneys to excrete hepcidin to even the inability of the kidneys to produce erythropoietin. This study aimed at comparatively assessing IDA between CKD and APHS in Niger Delta. A total of 88 subjects were recruited, 55(62.50%) CKDP and 33(37.50%) Control subjects. Samples were collected and analysed for IDA Indicators  such as Serum Hepcidin Levels using commercial DRG Hepcidin-25 kit and other Haematological Indices using Automation (Sysmex KX-21N Automated Haematology Analyzer), Leishman Staining Technique and Supravital Staining Technique; Questionnaire was also used to obtain some data,  data obtained were analysed using SPSS version 21.The mean values for  Serum Hepcidin, Haemoglobin(HB), Packed Cell Volume(PCV), Red Blood Cell count(RBC), Mean Cell Volume(MCV), Mean Cell Haemoglobin(MCH), Mean Cell Haemoglobin Concentration(MCHC), Reticulocyte count(Retics) and Red Cell Distribution Width(RDW) were 52.00ng/ml, 10.00 g/dL, 31.00%, 3.74×102/L, 78.84fL, 26.58pg, 31.79g/dL, 0.64%, and 14.94% respectively in the CKD patients while that for the APHS were 16.00ng/ml, 14.00g/dL, 42.00%, 4.69×1012/L, 89.37fL, 29.59pg, 33.00g/dL, 1.09% and 13.20% respectively. Statistical T-Test of significance revealed that Serum Hepcidin level was elevated significantly in CKD patients (52.00ng/ml) when compared with APHS(16.00ng/ml) t86= 6.54, p<0.05, Haemoglobin value of 10.00g/dL in CKD patients was significantly lower than 14.00g/dL in APHS (t86 = -8.49, p<0.05), and the values of other haematological indices were lower except RDW that was elevated significantly among CKD patients when compared with the APHS (p<0.05) all at significance  level of 0.05. The elevated serum hepcidin and RDW level seen in this study  may be as a result of diminished renal clearance and inflammatory state of the kidney. The kidney”s inability to make enough erythropoietin may have lead to the low red blood cell count that consequently caused anaemia in subjects studied..The estimation of Serum Hepcidin level in CKD patients in addition to the other Haematological indices will improve the diagnosis, treatment and management of Iron Deficiency Anaemia in these patients.

Although the therapeutic application of whole blood and blood components can be life-saving, inadequate screening of these products could pose life-threatening problems to the recipient. The aim of this study was to determine the echelons of some haemoparasites (malaria parasite, microfilaria and babesia species) among blood donors in Port Harcourt, Rivers State, Nigeria as well as quantifying their densities. A total of one hundred (100) prospective blood donors from the participating blood banks within 19-51 years were recruited for this study. Two milliliters (2 mls) of venous blood was collected from the antecubital vein of each participant using standard venepuncture technique into ethylene diamine tetra acetic acid (EDTA) bottles and mixed properly to avoid blood clotting. Thick and thin blood films were used for the detection of haemoparasites. The data generated was analysed using statistical package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 20. Out of 100 samples examined, 23 (23.0%) were positive for Plasmodium falciparum. The highest prevalence was among the males 13 (13.0%), between the ages of 19-29 years and only 10 (10.0%) of the females were positive while the lowest prevalence was between the ages of 41-51. No positive case was observed for microfilaria and babesia species. The mean malaria parasite density for male subjects was 0.43 ± 0.23% while that of female subjects was 0.66 ± 0.23%. The female subjects had significantly higher malaria parasite density than the males (P = 0.03). The data obtained from this study provides information on the haemoparasite status, indicating level of malaria parasite among the prospective blood donors in Port Harcourt, Nigeria. It is therefore, recommended that malaria parasite screening test be included among other blood screening tests before any transfusion to avert the deleterious effects of malaria parasite on the recipient and to enhance a more safe blood for the purpose of transfusion.

Background: The haemostatic changes that result in thrombophilia during the pregnant state have been linked to pregnancy loss. Objective: Assessment of Protein S, and Protein C assays in pregnancy loss victims in Abia State, South East, Nigeria. Materials and Methods: This was a cross-sectional study involving women in their reproductive years. Study population was stratified into 3 groups and the Protein C and Protein S concentrations measured and compared among the three groups. Results: A total of 130 apparently healthy Nigerian women of child-bearing age were enrolled in the study. The study groups consisted of 70 women who had just lost a pregnancy, 30 women                  with normally progressing pregnancy and 30 nonpregnant women. The protein C concentration for the pregnancy-loss subjects was significantly lower than that of the normal pregnancy at p ≤ 0.01 while that of Protein S showed non-significance (p > 0.05). Conclusion: Protein C deficiency is associated with increase in pregnancy loss.

The spread of the ABO-Rh blood group and the haemoglobin genotype differs widely between racial and ethnic groupings. Patterns could fluctuate over time within the same community in various regions of the globe, which might indicate that a specific blood type gave resistance to an infectious illness. Therefore, it is crucial to have accurate and current information on how these blood types are distributed across human demographics. A total of 451 individuals were chosen at random, ranging in age from 1 to 15 years. The sample size was selected utilising Cochran sample size calculation as well as a rate of plasmodium in youngsters in Port Harcourt of 60.6%. Using a normal phlebotomy method, 2 ml of venous blood was extracted with little immobility within sterile circumstances from the dorsum of the hand or ante-cubital vein, as the occasion may indeed be. Employing thick and thin Giemsa-stained blood smears, malaria density was evaluated microscopically. The genotype of haemoglobin was determined using cellulose acetate membrane electrophoresis in Tris-EDTA borate buffer (PH 8.9). Atlas Medical ABO reagent was used to identify ABO blood type qualitatively. Data management and statistical analyses were carried out using the Statistical Analyses System SAS 9.4 (SAS Institute, Cary, North Carolina, USA), with p values less than.05 deemed statistically significant. Four hundred fifty-one (451) people took part in this study. The amount of research participants (394) tested rhesus positive (87.4%). Amongst ABO variations, blood type B+ 8 (32%), A+ 7 (28%), and O+ 6 (24%), were shown to be higher common with complex plasmodium. Blood type O+ 198 (46.48) was by far the most common of simple ABO/Rhesus + blood groups, followed by B+ 97(22.77%) and A+ 72 (22.77%). (16.90). Similarly, among ABO/Rhesus negative blood groups with uncomplicated falciparum malaria, blood group O- predominated with 41 (9.62%). A+, A-, B+, B-, AB+, O+, and O- blood types of class for uncomplicated plasmodium species load revealed a mean of 18114.03/l, 52760.10/l, 20021.47/l, 3428.33/l, 11084.33/l, 12460.34/l, and 4445.59/l in the identical sequence, with O- exhibiting the least susceptibility to malaria. In addition, for uncomplicated malaria parasite density, the haemoglobin genotype status indicated a mean of 113073.44/l, 111435.65/l, and 107250.3/1l for AA, AS, and SS in the same order, with AA indicating the highest sensitivity to plasmodium. The prevalence of haemoglobin genotypes AA, AS, and SS in the study participants was 72.5%, 20.6%, and 6.9%, respectively. Men made up 54.5% (246/451), although females made up 45.5% (205/451). The haemoglobin genotype AA predominated, with men (178) outnumbering girls (149), followed by AS (56 vs 37) and SS (12 against 31), correspondingly. The most frequent ABO blood type was O (54.3%), second by B (24.6%), A (19.7%), and AB (1.3%). The bulk of Rh+ blood cells (87.4%) were found in the Rh bloodstream. The bulk of Rh bloodstream (87.4%) were Rh+, whereas 12.6% comprised Rh. O+ (45.2%), B+ (23.3%), A+ (17.5%), O- (9.1%), A- (2.2%), AB+ (1.3%), B- (1.3%), and AB (0%) were always the mixed ABO and Rh blood types. Men’s blood groups B+ (60), B- (4), AB+ (4), and O+ (112) were significantly higher than female blood groups B+ (45), B- (2), AB+ (2), and O+ (94), whereas female blood groups A- (7) and O- (23) were higher than male blood types A- (2) and O- (23) (16).

Hepcidin is the major controller of systemic iron homeostasis and the role of the kidney in regulating hepcidin level is vital in the whole process of iron and hepcidin relationship. This study was aimed at evaluating serum Hepcidin level among Chronic Kidney Disease subjects accessing Healthcare in BMSH Port Harcourt Metropolis. The study was conducted in Port Harcourt at Braithwaite Memorial Specialist Hospital among 55 CKD subjects and 33 normal individuals making up the control group. Subjects were selected randomly and 5mls of blood was collected in plain bottle using venipuncture technique for laboratory assessment of hepcidin. Hepcidin was assayed using competitive ELISA method.  T-test was used to compare the mean difference oh hepcidin between both groups. Result showed that there was a significant difference in hepcidin level between CKD and control groups; 52.00±36.00ng/ml for CKD group and 16.00±13.00ng/ml for control group, p<0.05. This study has shown that CKD has a significant impact in hepcidin level blood and consequently on iron regulation.