Background Infection by SARS-CoV-2 in domestic animals has been related to close contact with humans diagnosed with COVID-19. Objectives: To assess the exposure, infection, and persistence by SARS-CoV-2 of dogs and cats living in the same households of humans that tested positive for SARS-CoV-2, and to investigate clinical and laboratory alterations associated with animal infection. Methods Animals living with COVID-19 patients were longitudinally followed and had nasopharyngeal/oropharyngeal and rectal swabs collected and tested for SARS-CoV-2. Additionally, blood samples were collected for laboratory analysis, and plaque reduction neutralization test (PRNT90) to investigate specific SARS-CoV-2 antibodies. Results Between May and October 2020, 39 pets (29 dogs and 10 cats) of 21 patients were investigated. Nine dogs (31%) and four cats (40%) from 10 (47.6%) households were infected with or seropositive for SARS-CoV-2. Animals tested positive from 11 to 51 days after the human index COVID-19 case onset of symptoms. Three dogs tested positive twice within 14, 30, and 31 days apart. SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibodies were detected in one dog (3.4%) and two cats (20%). In this study, six out of thirteen animals either infected with or seropositive for SARS-CoV-2 have developed mild but reversible signs of the disease. Using logistic regression analysis, neutering, and sharing bed with the ill owner were associated with pet infection. Conclusions The presence and persistence of SARS-CoV-2 infection have been identified in dogs and cats from households with human COVID-19 cases in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. People with COVID-19 should avoid close contact with their pets during the time of their illness.
In the current series, the therapeutic response was excellent with the minimum dose of itraconazole, and there was a low incidence of adverse events and treatment failure.
A infecção humana pelo vírus monkeypox foi descrita, inicialmente, em uma criança de 9 meses de idade, em 1970, no Zaire (atual República Democrática do Congo) 1 . Monkeypox tem sido considerada uma zoonose clássica, em que a maioria das infecções humanas é atribuível ao contato com animais infectados. Nos últimos anos, a transmissão entre humanos passou a ser mais frequentemente relatada, elevando a preocupação global acerca de seu potencial de disseminação 2 .Nas últimas cinco décadas, o registro de casos em humanos tem aumentado, particularmente na República Democrática do Congo e na Nigéria, onde a doença é endêmica e transmitida por pequenos mamíferos. Embora os reservatórios silvestres da infecção não sejam plenamente conhecidos, esquilos das florestas e roedores silvestres têm sido destacados 3 . Vale salientar que monkeypox não é uma doença típica dos macacos, apesar de ter sido identificada em 1958 pela primeira vez nestes animais. A idade média de apresentação dos casos aumentou de quatro (1970) para 21 anos (2010)(2011)(2012)(2013)(2014)(2015)(2016)(2017)(2018)(2019). A elevação no número de casos pode ser atribuída à interrupção da vacinação para varíola, que conferia proteção cruzada contra monkeypox; à evolução genética do vírus; ou a fatores ambientais, como desmatamento, levando ao aumento da população de roedores sinantrópicos e à sua maior interação com humanos 4 .Antes de tratar da atual epidemia "fora da África", convém chamar atenção ao surto na Nigéria em 2017-2018. Antes desse surto, casos de monkeypox ocorriam principalmente entre crianças e em áreas rurais, sugerindo um modo de transmissão predominantemente vinculado ao contato com animais 2,5 . No entanto, o surto de 2017-2018 mostrou uma concentração de casos em áreas urbanas e entre homens jovens, similar ao observado na atual epidemia. A mudança do perfil epidemiológico fomentou a hipótese de que a transmissão inter-humana poderia estar se tornando mais frequente. Ao mesmo tempo, a frequência relativamente alta de lesões genitais nos casos detectados sugeriu a possibilidade de disseminação também por meio do contato sexual prolongado 2,5,6 .Fora da África, os primeiros casos de infecção humana pelo monkeypox foram relatados em 2003 nos Estados Unidos, após importação de roedores da África. De 2018 a 2021, surtos associados a viagens à Nigéria foram relatados no Reino Unido, nos Estados Unidos, em Singapura e Israel, cujos casos índices foram atribuídos à transmissão animal-humana 7 .Desde maio de 2022, há registros de surtos de monkeypox em regiões não endêmicas, levando a Organização Mundial da Saúde (OMS) a declarar Emergência de Saúde Pública de Importância Internacional (ESPII) em 23 de julho de 2022 8 . Até 24 de agosto de 2022, já haviam sido confirma-Este é um artigo publicado em acesso aberto (Open Access) sob a licença Creative Commons Attribution, que permite uso, distribuição e reprodução em qualquer meio, sem restrições, desde que o trabalho original seja corretamente citado.
OBJECTIVE: To describe trends in sociodemographic, immunological and virological profiles and interventions to decrease the risk of mother-to-child HIV transmission. METHODS: Retrospective cohort study conducted at a tertiary institution in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil from January 1996 to December 2004. Analysis was performed by stratification in three time periods: 1996-1998 (P1), 1999-2001 (P2) and 2002-2004 (P3). RESULTS: In 9 years, 622 pregnancies occurred. Complications included: maternal mortality 0.3%, stillbirths 2.5%, miscarriages 0.6%, neonatal mortality 1.1%, prematurity 9.9%, low birth weight (LBW) 16.5%, congenital malformations 2.2%. The number of HIV-infected pregnant patients grew threefold over time reflecting increased prevalence of disease and patient identification. HIV diagnosis before pregnancy increased from 30% in P1 to 45% in P3. The proportion of pregnant women receiving highly active antiretroviral therapy increased from none (P1) to 88% (P3) with a significant trend towards women delivering at undetectable viral loads in later years despite a higher frequency of advanced disease. Scheduled cesarean deliveries increased from 35% in P1 to 48% in P3. Perinatal transmission rates were 2.4% with a decline from 3.5% in P1 to 1.6% in P3. Neonatal outcomes tended to remain constant or improve with time. A slight rise in LBW and congenital malformations were observed. CONCLUSIONS: During the observational period, HIV+ pregnant women presented with more advanced disease and lower socio-economic status. However, improved management of HIV-infected patients (associated with increased identification and increased availability of treatment) resulted into very low transmission rates similar to those of developed countries with overall improvement of patient outcomes.
Background: Chikungunya is a viral disease that is transmitted by mosquitoes. It is characterized by an acute onset of fever and severe arthralgia. Methods: We describe six cases of acute and post-acute chikungunya in which viral RNA was detected in semen. Conclusions: The most prolonged detection period was 56 days after illness onset. We attempted to cultivate positive semen samples, but virus isolation was unsuccessful in all cases.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.
customersupport@researchsolutions.com
10624 S. Eastern Ave., Ste. A-614
Henderson, NV 89052, USA
This site is protected by reCAPTCHA and the Google Privacy Policy and Terms of Service apply.
Copyright © 2024 scite LLC. All rights reserved.
Made with 💙 for researchers
Part of the Research Solutions Family.