For effective response to forest fires, the period of time necessary for the firefighting team to reach the fire site should not exceed the critical response time, where the fire is more likely to be taken under control. For this reason, the optimum route that allows the team to reach the fire site by a fire truck within the shortest time possible should be determined. Computer-aided methods such as the road network analysis are widely used in the solution of such transportation problems that require the shortest path analysis. In this study, the locations of the existing road networks and firefighting team were examined using GIS techniques in order to determine the optimum route that will provide the promptest access to the fire site. The study was carried out in the Adana Forest Enterprise Directorate, where first degree fire-sensitive forests are located. There are three firefighting teams located in the boundaries of the study area. The sites in the study area where previously occurred forest fires (15), which burned 1 ha or more forest areas, were evaluated as potential fire sites. The analysis results showed that 64,12% of the forest areas in the study area was reached by the firefighting teams within 20 minutes, which is the critical response time for first degree fire sensitive forests. It was found that the teams could reach 12 potential fire sites within the critical response time. This result revealed the necessity to establish new firefighting teams in the study area. In addition, it is thought that improving the road network density in the study area by building new roads or increasing the truck travel speed by improving the conditions of existing roads will help to solve the problem.

The fire incident is one of the man-made disasters in Malaysia due to the frequency of reported fire cases recently. The majority of all cases that involved domestic buildings had very catastrophic effects such as property losses, permanent disability to the victim, and death. We are all aware of how fast fire can spread when it rages. Therefore, owners have to be alert at all times to any factor that might lead to any small fire and that is not possible to achieve. As humans, we might get distracted by other surrounding activities but not for robots. Thus, a Fire Fighting Robot has been developed and was controlled by Arduino Uno. It is designed in a smaller size in order to ease small location entry, fully equipped with high sensitivity sensors to achieve the required research objectives of searching, detecting, and extinguishing the fire. The combination of ultrasonic and flame sensors creates a perfect guide for the robot to work effectively. This autonomous robot will search and locate the fire and send a notification to the user through Blynk application; before the extinguishing process occurs. Blynk application will also provide a monitoring platform for the user to receive information including live streaming and flame data. We tested the performance of the robot by varying the distance and size of fire source to the robot. The graph trend line showed that the time taken was linearly proportional to the distance and size of fire. We managed to obtain the equation of the dependent variable from simple linear regression. From the R 2 value of 0.9888 and 0.9865, we can say that it has a strong relationship between both variables. To summarize, the experimental result has proved its capabilities as a reliable fire protection system by searching and extinguishing a fire in time.