A wearable textile antenna with dual-band and dual-sense characteristics is presented in this work. It operates at the 2.45 GHz band for WBAN and WLAN applications, and at the 1.575 GHz band for Global Positioning System (GPS) applications. An antenna backing based on an artificial magnetic conductor (AMC) plane operating at 2.45 GHz band is introduced to reduce the backward radiation and to improve antenna gain. It consists of a 3 × 3 array of square patch unit cells, where each unit cell is integrated with four square slits and a square ring. A square-shaped patch is then located on top of the substrate as its radiator. To enable dual-band operation, two corners of this radiator are truncated, with each of the four corners incorporated with a rectangular slit to enable its circular polarization characteristic in the GPS band. Simulation and experimental results are in good agreement and indicate proper antenna operation with linear polarization in the 2.45 GHz band and circular polarization in the 1.575 GHz band, with realized gain of 1.94 dBi and 1.98 dBic, respectively. INDEX TERMS Dual-band dual-sense antenna, wearable antenna, AMC plane.

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A wideband microstrip-based wearable antenna with a fractional bandwidth of 51% is designed using textile materials for wearable applications. The antenna operates between 2 and 3 GHz with low back-radiation to ensure minimum coupling to the body and reduced electromagnetic power absorption in the human tissue. The behavior microstrip antenna topology, which is narrowband in nature, is altered via the combinations of various broadbanding techniques, while maintaining the existence of the full ground plane backing. This ensures that the antenna radiation is directed outward form the body to efficiently propagate wireless signals toward other off-body nodes and base stations. Simulation and measurement results indicated that the use of this microstrip topology with multiple broadbanding techniques is capable of reducing the back lobe, resulting in a front-to-back ratio of about 17 dB and a 3.5 dBi of average gain. K E Y W O R D S broadbanding techniques, directional antenna, textile antenna, wideband antenna

Besides the radiation and reflection performance of wearable antennas, arguably one of the most important parameters is their Specific Absorption Rate (SAR). This work aims to evaluate SAR for wearable antennas integrated with Artificial Magnetic Conductor (AMC) plane made using different material categoriestextiles and a flexible polymer,. Two types of textiles, felt and ShieldIt Super are used to build the first, textile-based antenna, while polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) and the fluidic metal eutectic gallium indium alloy (EGaIn) are used to build the second, polymer-based antenna. Both materials are chosen due to their flexibility conformity to the human body, thus providing comfort to users. Despite the SAR for both antenna types did not exceed the European regulatory limits of 2 W/kg averaged over 10g of tissues; there are considerable differences between them.

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