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As individuals reach adulthood there is a substantial reduction of participation in physical activities. Quality instruction in various physical activities, more specifically aquatics, are beneficial to an individual's health and career. This current study examined college student's perceptions and motivations towards the impact of aquatic instruction and water safety skills. Participants included 265 college students between the ages of 19 and 30 years old (n = 147 males, n = 118 females), enrolled in aquatic-related courses at two Historically Black Colleges and Universities (HBCUs). Researchers used a mixed-method approach where the findings indicated that 72% of the participants reported the ability to swim, tread water, and float, 78% would enroll in additional aquatic classes, and 82% are willing to learn to swim. Quality aquatic instruction given at HBCUs can help the process of closing the gap of disparities among African Americans and their involvement in aquatics.

Woods (2016, p. 311) stated “For centuries, sports participated in assigning a limited role to women by excluding them from participation and resisting efforts to include them.” Women have had to struggle when it comes to sport leadership positions. Women are not usually found in higher level jobs in sport, but they tend to have positions in lower management or lower profile positions. This study is a compilation of research into how people within collegiate athletics in the United States feel about women’s employment status in the field. A pilot interview was created and administered to three women: an athletic director, an athlete, and a professor at Florida A &M University. A surveywas created and administered to 30 subjects that have careers in sport leadership positions. The questions were divided into five categories consisting of representation, coaching, equal pay, and team sports. The survey showed that there are mixed feelings in the profession. Two-thirds of the subjects thought that there was a lack of female leadership within team sports. A little over half of the subjects thought that men were more successful in the areas of leadership, coaching, equal pay, representation, and team sports. By identifying the issues that women are facing when heading into this profession, the researchers identified what actions need to take place in order to resolve the problems discovered. In turn, this would create more opportunities and more qualified female candidates for positions in sports administration and team sports leadership in the United States.

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Egypt has been long reflected as one of the most attractive countries to visit because of its historical treasure. Egypt also has remarkable athletic performances in the world championship and the Olympics. Egypt's first recent Olympic gold medal was during the Athens Olympic Games. However, fans' attendance at individual sporting events was not equivalent to fan presence at team sports. Related studies about fans' who participate in different sporting events focused on men's sports, team sports, and professional sports ( Armstrong, 2007). The sports development pyramid model by Casey (1988), designed to analyze the stages of sports development, was used to understand more about the association of the significance of specific factors that Influence fans', and fan attendance at different individual sporting events in Egypt. A survey initially designed by the researchers was used to collect insights from seven (7) sports journalists, and twenty-seven (27) national team head coaches from different countries, who attended the African and the Arab games held in Cairo, Egypt. The results showed a significant relationship between fan attendance and individual sporting events, public relations, social media, cultural, and the actions of the Egyptian National Governing Bodies (ENGB). The result of this study further suggests the importance of implementing marketing strategies to promote individual sport.