1. The pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of enrofloxacin in chickens were investigated following intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous and oral administration of 10 mg/kg body weight. A rapid distribution phase was followed by a slower elimination phase. 2. The apparent volume of distribution was 2.2 l/kg. Absorption half lives were 0.37, 0.36 and 0.92 h; elimination half lives were 4.06, 4.48 and 4.29 h and bioavailabilities were 87.5%, 80.8% and 59.6% after intramuscular, subcutaneous and oral administration, respectively. The drug completely disappeared from all tissues after 3 days following oral administration. 3. Based on the bioavailability and disposition kinetics of enrofloxacin, administration of one dose per day should both be practical and adequate to maintain plasma enrofloxacin concentrations within the pharmacologically active but lower than tolerance limit.

Key words:Fermented Wheat Germ Extract, broiler, challenge Fermented wheat germ extract (FWGE) is a multisubstance composition contains 2-methoxy benzoquinone and 2, 6-dimethoxy benzoquinone which are likely to exert some of its biological effects as well as it is a concentrated source of vitamins, minerals, and protein.An experimental trial of FWGE supplementation to broiler feed from one day old with a rate of 0.5, 1.5 and 3 g/kg feed was tried. Results revealed that all doses of FWGE increased body weight significantly (p≤0.05), especially with the dose of 3 g/kg feed. Also, FCR values decreased significantly (p≤0.05) in the FWGE treated groups. Regarding biochemical analysis at 35 days old, the most significant results obtained with the doses of 1.5 and 3 g FWGE/kg feed especially in SGOT, SGPT, creatinine, uric acid, total protein, glucose, and triglycerides levels. Physiologically, FWGE only increased hemoglobin concentration significantly (p≤0.05) without alteration of red blood and white blood cells counts. There was also a significant increase (p≤0.05) in the intestinal weight in relation to carcass weight% and a significant decrease (p≤0.05) in the liver and total body fat weights in relation to carcass weight%. At 45 days (10 days after vNDV challenge), the mortality rates were 60% in the non-treated non-vaccinated challenged chicken group 5 and 4% in the nontreated vaccinated challenged chicken group 4 without appearance of any mortality in the 3 FWGE treated groups. Also, addition of FWGE had a positive effect on HI titers for NDV in the collected serum samples at 45 days old. Finally, it was concluded that FWGE improved the general health condition of broilers regarding biochemical and physiological parameters and immune response to NDV vaccination.