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BACKGROUND:Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer death in the world. The objective of this study was to investigate the expression of vascular endothelial growth factors (VEGFs) and their receptors (VEGFRs) in patients with nonsmall cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and its correlation with the prognosis for patients with lung cancer.METHODS:The expression status of VEGFs and VEGFRs was examined in 48 nonconsecutive specimens of primary lung cancer by immunohistochemistry. Correlations between the expression of VEGFs and VEGFRs and clinicopathologic parameters were analyzed.RESULTS:Nineteen of 48 samples (39.6%) were moderately/highly immunoreactive for VEGF‐A, 6 samples (12.5%) were reactive for VEGF‐B, 14 samples (29.2%) were reactive for VEGF‐C, 11 samples (22.9%) were reactive for VEGF‐D, 20 samples (41.7%) were reactive for VEGFR1, 26 samples (54.2%) were reactive for VEGFR2, 20 samples (41.7%) were reactive for VEGFR3, and 19 samples (39.6%) were reactive for nuclear expression of VEGFR3. Patients with moderate/high VEGF‐C, VEGFR1, and VEGFR2 expression had worse survival, whereas patients with moderate/high VEGF‐D and nuclear VEGFR3 expression had better survival. After adjusting according to tumor stage, VEGF‐B and VEGF‐D expression had a significant correlation with worse survival in patients with stage I and II disease. Patients with stage III and IV disease who had VEGFR1 and VEGFR2 expression had worse survival, whereas the expression of VEGF‐D was correlated significantly with better survival. Finally, stage, VEGF‐D expression, and VEGFR1 expression were significantly independent prognostic predictors.CONCLUSIONS:The results of the current study indicated that the over‐expression of VEGFs and VEGFRs plays an important role in the survival of patients with NSCLC. The inclusion of angiogenic factors in the standard pathologic study of lung cancer may improve the clinical evaluation of patients with NSCLC. Cancer 2009. © 2009 American Cancer Society.

Elevated VEGF serum levels have a negative prognostic impact on survival in NSCLC and early stages of lung cancer patients.

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Vesicoureteral reflux affects approximately 1% of newborns. Although most affected children show only sonographic evidence of renal pelvic dilatation, others may show overt hydronephrosis, indistinguishable from that seen in fetuses with obstructive uropathy. Hydronephrosis secondary to fetal vesicoureteral reflux cannot be differentiated on ultrasound examination from that resulting from lower obstructive uropathy with or without reflux. As renal damage from vesicoureteral reflux may occur in up to 70% of cases, early identification and possible in utero treatment of these fetuses may be warranted. We report a sonographic technique, vesicoinfusion, for diagnosis of vesicoureteric reflux in utero. The accurate identification of vesicoureteral reflux in utero may have important diagnostic, prognostic and therapeutic implications.