The mechanism of the lateral reaction of piles in an elastic-plastic medium is examined. Plane strain is first assumed. The analytical solution for a circular section in an elastic medium is given. The influence of pile section (square pile), disturbance of a soil ring around the pile, plastic yield of soil in undrained behaviour (Tresca's criterion) are studied by means of the finite element method. All these factors affect strains and stresses only in the vicinity of the pile. Graphs are given making it possible to calculate the corresponding corrective terms to be applied to the analytical solution. In a second step, which defines the value of the outside radius of this two-dimensional model, the simplified three-dimensional problem of a horizontally-loaded vertical axis in a semi-infinite elastic solid is studied using Mindlin's solution for a point force. The influence of the relative soil-pile rigidity, head loading and fixing conditions, which have an effect especially on distant fields, are taken into account and quantified by simple rules for determining this outside radius. Finally, a specific numerical application of the results is made and the solution is very satisfactory compared with experimental measurements. On étudie le mécanisme de réaction latérale des pieux en milieu élasto-plastique. On suppose tout d'abord que la déformation est plane. La solution analytique pour une section circulaire dans un milieu élastique est donnée. Les influences de la forme de la section du pieu (pieu carré), du remaniement d'un anneau de sol autour du pieu, de la plastification du sol en comportement non drainé (critère de Tresca) sont étudiées à l'aide de la méthode des éléments finis. Tous ces facteurs ne jouent sur le champ des déformations et des contraintes que dans le voisinage du pieu. Des abaques sont donnés, permettant de calculer les termes correctifs correspondants, à appliquer à la solution analytique. Dans un deuxième temps, pour préciser la valeur à prendre en compte du rayon extérieur de ce modèle bidimensionnel, on étudie le problème tridimensionnel simplifié d'un axe vertical chargé horizontalement dans un massif élastique semi-infini, en sommant la solution de Mindlin pour une force ponctuelle. Les influences de la rigidité relative sol-pieu, des conditions de chargement et d'encastrement en tête, qui affectent surtout les champs au loin, sont ainsi prises en compte et quantifiées par des règles simples de détermination de ce rayon extérieur. Enfin une application numérique concrète des résultats est faite et la solution est très satisfaisante, comparée aux mesures expérimentales.
International audienceThis paper focuses on the establishment of a model factor for the calculation of the ultimate limit state (ULS) bearing capacity of piles in compression from Ménard pressuremeter tests results. First, the requirements of Eurocode 7 are presented: calculation methods used for pile foundations must be validated against the results of static load tests and a model factor can be introduced to reach a target safety. This model factor is meant to take into account the scatter of the calculation model, whereas the spatial variability of the ground properties is dealt with by means of statistical methods. Then an analysis of a database of 174 full-scale static pile load tests carried out by the Laboratoire Central des Ponts et Chausées (LCPC, now called IFSTTAR), over the last 40 years, mainly in France, is performed and a new calculation model is established based on pressuremeter test results. Finally, the calibration procedure for deriving the model factor used in the recent French standard for pile design following Eurocode 7 is explained using two approaches: one compares the dispersions of the former and new calculation models and the other performs statistical analysis combining the scatter of the calculation model and the spatial variability of ground properties. This model factor is introduced into the recent French standard for pile design following Eurocode 7
Une méthode de détermination des valeurs caractéristiques des paramètres géotechniques RésuméEn fixant le niveau de risque pour lequel les valeurs caractéristiques des paramètres géotechniques doivent être déterminées, les Eurocodes ouvrent la voie à une approche rationnelle de ces valeurs, basée sur le traitement statistique des données de sol. On présente la méthode pratique qui a été élaborée dans le cadre de la mise au point des Recommandations pour le calcul aux états-limites des ouvrages en site aquatique, et qui répond en outre aux exigences de l'Eurocode 7 « Géotechnique » sur la prise en compte de l'étendue de la sollicitation du sol dans la détermination de la valeur caractéristique.Mots clés : conception, calcul, géotechnique, état-limite, valeur caractéristique, statistiques. A method for determining the characteristic values of geotechnical parameters AbstractIn the Eurocodes the level of risk required for the characteristic values of the geotechnical parameters has been specified. Thus the route is opened for a rational approach to the determination of these values, based on a statistical analysis of soil data. In this article, a practical method is presented, which has been developed while drafting the Recommendations for Limit State Design of Waterways and Harbour Structures. This method also meets the requirement of Eurocode 7 « Geotechnical design » which calls for taking account of the extent of soil loading in determining a characteristic value.
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