1 IL-33 is expressed in human osteoblasts, but has no direct effect on bone remodelingsuggested that expression of IL-33, in contrast to that of IL-1β, is not repressed by PPARγ, likely explaining why IL-33, but not IL-1β, is expressed in adipocytes. The IL-33 receptor ST2L is not constitutively expressed in human bone marrow stromal cells, osteoblasts or CD14-positive monocytes, and IL-33 has no effect on these cells. In addition, although ST2L mRNA is induced by TNF-α and IL-1β in bone marrow stromal cells, IL-33 has the same effects as TNF-α and IL-1β, and, therefore, the biological activity of IL-33 may be redundant in this system. In agreement with this hypothesis, MC3T3-E1 osteoblast-like cells constitutively express ST2L mRNA, and in these cells IL-33 and TNF-α/IL-1β similarly decrease osteocalcin RNA levels in these cells. In conclusion, our results suggest that IL-33 has no direct effects on normal bone remodeling.